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In recent years, a new field of nuclear research has been opened
through the possibility of studying nuclei wi\h very large values
of angular momentum, temperature, pressure and number of particles.
This development has been closely associated with heavy ion
reactions, since collisions between two heavy nuclei are especially
effective in producing metastable compound systems with large
angular momentum, and in transferring energy which is distributed
over the whole nuclear volume. Under the strain of temperature and
of the Coriolis and centrifugal forces, the nucleus displays
structural changes which can be interpreted in terms of pairing and
shape phase transit ions. This was the subject of the lectures of
J. D. Garrett, P. J. Twin and S. Levit. While the rotational motion
is, at zero temperature un damped, the width of giant resonances
indicate that the nucleus only oscillates through few periods
before the motion is damp ed by particle decay, and through
coupling to the compound nucleus. Temperature and angular momentum
influence in an im portant way the properties of both giant
resonances and rotatio nal motion. These subjects were developed by
K. Snover, and by P. F. Bortignon and R. A. Broglia, as well as by
A. Bracco, A. Dellafiore and F. Matera."
Quantum mechanics is the set of laws of physics which, to the best
of our knowledge, provides a complete account of the microworld.
One of its chap ters, quantum electrodynamics (QED), is able to
account for the quantal phenomena of relevance to daily life
(electricity, light, liquids and solids, etc.) with great accuracy.
The language of QED, field theory, has proved to be uni versal
providing the theoretical basis to describe the behaviour of
many-body systems. In particular finite many-body systems (FMBS)
like atomic nuclei, metal clusters, fullerenes, atomic wires, etc.
That is, systems made out of a small number of components. The
properties of FMBS are expected to be quite different from those of
bulk matter, being strongly conditioned by quantal size effects and
by the dynamical properties of the surface of these systems. The
study of the elec tronic and of the collective behaviour (plasmons
and phonons) of FMBS and of their interweaving, making use of well
established first principle quantum (field theoretical) techniques,
is the main subject of the present monograph. The interest for the
study of FMBS was clearly stated by Feynman in his address to the
American Physical Society with the title "There is plenty of room
at the bottom." On this occasion he said among other things: "When
we get to the very, very small world - say circuits of seven atoms
- we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent
completely new opportunities for design" 1]."
Quantum mechanics is the set of laws of physics which, to the best
of our knowledge, provides a complete account of the microworld.
One of its chap ters, quantum electrodynamics (QED), is able to
account for the quantal phenomena of relevance to daily life
(electricity, light, liquids and solids, etc.) with great accuracy.
The language of QED, field theory, has proved to be uni versal
providing the theoretical basis to describe the behaviour of
many-body systems. In particular finite many-body systems (FMBS)
like atomic nuclei, metal clusters, fullerenes, atomic wires, etc.
That is, systems made out of a small number of components. The
properties of FMBS are expected to be quite different from those of
bulk matter, being strongly conditioned by quantal size effects and
by the dynamical properties of the surface of these systems. The
study of the elec tronic and of the collective behaviour (plasmons
and phonons) of FMBS and of their interweaving, making use of well
established first principle quantum (field theoretical) techniques,
is the main subject of the present monograph. The interest for the
study of FMBS was clearly stated by Feynman in his address to the
American Physical Society with the title "There is plenty of room
at the bottom." On this occasion he said among other things: "When
we get to the very, very small world - say circuits of seven atoms
- we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent
completely new opportunities for design" 1]."
This book surveys the physics of small clusters of particles
undergoing vibrations, with applications in nuclear physics and the
physics and chemistry of atomic clusters. The book begins with a
survey of the experimental information on collective vibrations in
atoms, metal clusters and nuclei. Next, the book goes on to develop
theoretical tools to understand these findings. Special emphasis is
placed on the Rayleigh-Ritz principle, the use of sum rules, and
the quantum mechanics of mean field theory, known as 'RPA'. The
important vibrational modes observed in the different systems are
then discussed, including the dipole mode of oscillation (important
in both nuclei and metal clusters), surface modes of higher
polarity, and the compressional mode. In the last two chapters
mechanisms for the damping of vibrational modes and the effects of
excitation energy on the modes are described.
This book surveys the physics of small clusters of particles
undergoing vibrations, with applications in nuclear physics and the
physics and chemistry of atomic clusters. The book begins with a
survey of the experimental information on collective vibrations in
atoms, metal clusters and nuclei. Next, the book goes on to develop
theoretical tools to understand these findings. Special emphasis is
placed on the Rayleigh-Ritz principle, the use of sum rules, and
the quantum mechanics of mean field theory, known as 'RPA'. The
important vibrational modes observed in the different systems are
then discussed, including the dipole mode of oscillation (important
in both nuclei and metal clusters), surface modes of higher
polarity, and the compressional mode. In the last two chapters
mechanisms for the damping of vibrational modes and the effects of
excitation energy on the modes are described.
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