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Reconceptualizing Security in the Americas in the Twenty-First
Century illustrates the various security concerns in the Americas
in the twenty-first century. It presents the work of a number of
prolific scholars and analysts in the region. The book offers new
theoretical and analytical perspectives. Within the Americas, we
find a number of important issues security issues. Most important
are the threats that supersede borders: drug trafficking,
migration, health, and environmental. These threats change our
understanding of security and the state and regional process of
neutralizing or correcting these threats. This volume evaluates
these threats within contemporary security discourse.
Transnational Organized Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean:
From Evolving Threats and Responses to Integrated, Adaptive
Solutions provides a comprehensive overview of and introduction to
transnational organized crime in Latin America for the student and
practitioner. It addresses the geography of illicit activities,
including relationships between source, transit, and consumption
zones, as well as illicit activities beyond narcotrafficking, such
as illegal mining, contraband, human smuggling, and money
laundering. It applies a typology of cartels, intermediate groups,
gangs, and ideological groups to examine specific criminal
organizations and the relationships between them. It makes a
comparative assessment of government approaches to combatting
transnational organized crime in the region, including discussions
of interagency coordination, interdiction, targeting of criminal
group leaders, the use of the military in law enforcement, law
enforcement reform efforts, prison control, and international
cooperation. It concludes by applying these thorough analyses to
make concrete recommendations for both Latin American and United
States policymakers.
This book illustrates the plethora of security concerns of the
Americas in the 21st century. It presents the work of a number of
prolific scholars and analysts in the continents of America. The
book provides one of the only expansive applications of theory to a
wide geographical area. It offers new perspectives and urges
readers to take theory seriously through use. Within the Americas,
we find a number of important issues that compose of this
geographic security complex. Most important are the threats that
supersede borders: drug trafficking, migration, health, and
environment. These threats change our understanding of security and
the state and region process of neutralizing or correcting these
threats. This volume evaluates these threats within contemporary
security discourse.
This book explores China's engagement with Latin America and the
Caribbean as a case study of its broader effort to use commercial
tools and instruments of state to create a global economic order
that functions to its benefit, while neutralizing challenges from
institutions, states, and others that would oppose it. Unlike the
common representation of the Cold War as a political-military
struggle, this work uniquely examines China's current efforts as
primarily seeking to dominate global value chains, with supporting
political, technological, and military components. In this regard,
it both leverages and goes beyond works based on dependency theory,
which has played a key role in the academic and popular discourse
in the region. The book examines evidence for China's
economically-focused strategy within Latin America and the
Caribbean, including the interrelationships and coordination
between China's activities in different sectors, and between
commercial, political, and other dimensions in the region. It
further looks at the supporting role played by a diverse range of
Chinese initiatives, from China's Belt and Road initiative, to
people-to-people diplomacy, soft power, security engagement, and
the PRC struggle with Taiwan for diplomatic recognition in the
region, among others. The book highlights the implications for
Latin America and the Caribbean, and for the U.S. whose prosperity
and security is intimately tied to the region.
Latin America's expanding political, economic, and military
relationships with actors outside the Western Hemisphere have been
an important part of the dynamics of globalization in the post-Cold
War world. For the U.S. military and U.S. political leaders,
understanding those dynamics and the challenges, opportunities, and
vulnerabilities they imply is an important part of managing U.S.
security in a complex and increasingly interdependent world. While
Chinese, Russian, and Iranian activities in the region have
received substantial scrutiny by the U.S. security community and
independent scholars, much less attention has been given to the
role of India, and its implications. In the present monograph, Dr.
Evan Ellis of the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) Strategic Studies
Institute (SSI) makes a broad, yet detailed, comparison of the
activities of India and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in
Latin America and the Caribbean.
For the U.S. Armed Forces, and militaries throughout the world,
non-traditional missions have become an increasingly important part
of the range of operations that they are called on to conduct. In
the Western Hemisphere, one of the most prominent examples has been
the involvement of Central American armed forces in the fight
against transnational organized crime groups and violent street
gangs such as Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Barrio 18 (B-18). The
longterm propriety of employing the military in what is, at its
core, a law enforcement role, continues to be a subject of debate
not only in Central America, but also throughout Latin America and
the Caribbean, and elsewhere in the world. Nonetheless, in the face
of the inadequacy of law enforcement institutions to meet the
challenge, because of its magnitude, lack of resources, corruption,
and other shortcomings in law enforcement institutions, elected
leaders across the ideological spectrum in Honduras, as well as
neighboring El Salvador and Nicaragua...
In recent years, attention by the U.S. national security
establishment to challenges in the Western Hemisphere has
concentrated on issues of transnational organized crime, socialist
populism, potential terrorist threats, and similar challenges
arising from poverty, inequality, and weak governance in parts of
the region. As Latin America and the Caribbean nations have
expanded their economic and other forms of engagement with
countries beyond the region, the majority of attention has gone to
activities in the region by the People's Republic of China, and to
a lesser extent, by the Islamic Republic of Iran. The equally
important re-engagement with the region by the Russian Federation
during this period has received less attention, particularly among
scholarly articles. Russia's re-engagement with the region, which
began in earnest in 2008, coincided with an escalation in tension
with the United States over the role of Russia in the civil war in
Georgia and the related succession of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
This monograph examines Chinese military engagement with Latin
America in five areas: (1) meetings between senior military
officials; (2) lower-level military-to-military interactions; (3)
military sales; (4) military-relevant commercial interactions; and,
(5) Chinese physical presence within Latin America, all of which
have military-strategic implications. This monograph finds that the
level of PRC military engagement with the region is higher than is
generally recognized, and has expanded in important ways in recent
years: High-level trips by Latin American defense and security
personnel to the PRC and visits by their Chinese counterparts to
Latin America have become commonplace. The volume and
sophistication of Chinese arms sold to the region has increased.
Officer exchange programs, institutional visits, and other
lower-level ties have also expanded. Chinese military personnel
have begun participating in operations in the region in a modest,
yet symbolically important manner. The monograph also argues that
in the short term, PRC military engagement with Latin America does
not focus on establishing alliances or base access to the United
States, but rather, supporting objectives of national development
and regime survival, such as building understanding and political
leverage among important commercial partners, creating the tools to
protect PRC interests in the countries where it does business, and
selling Chinese products and moving up the value-added chain in
strategically important sectors. It concludes that Chinese military
engagement may both contribute to legitimate regional security
needs, and foster misunderstanding. It argues that the U.S. should
work for greater transparency with the PRC in regard to those
activities, as well as to analyze how the Chinese presence will
impact the calculation of the region's actors in the context of
specific future scenarios.
In this monograph, Dr. Evan Ellis seeks to do several things. He
documents and examines the character of the new and increasing
Chinese engagement in the Western Hemisphere. He then takes the
analysis a step further by examining some of the potential dynamics
of the Chinese engagement and its consequences for the long-term
security interests of the United States. Dr. Ellis argues that
China is both a significant competitor, and a potential partner of
the United States in the region. Although he argues that China
increasingly will vie with the United States for the hemisphere's
resources and political allegiances, he also notes that China's
growing dependence on its trade and investment in Latin America
will give it security and stability interests that coincide with
those of the United States. At the same time, the author warns that
the combination of competition, trade, investment, political
interests, and concomitant Chinese population increase in the
region is likely to change the economic structure...
The reemergence of China on the global stage is arguably one of the
most important phenomena of our time. With its sustained high rates
of economic growth, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has
dramatically increased trade and investment flows with the rest of
the world, including regions such as Latin America, with which it
historically has had very little interaction. In many of these
countries, the PRC has gone from having an almost negligible
economic presence to replacing the United States as the number one
or number two trading partner. Moreover, particularly since the end
of the global financial crisis, Chinese companies, in coordination
with the Chinese government and banks, have begun to make
multibillion dollar loans and investments in Latin America,
creating a rapidly expanding presence of Chinese companies and
workers in the region in such sectors as construction, logistics,
manufacturing, telecommunications, and retail. In terms of "soft
power," the PRC has arguably captured the imaginations of Latin
American political leaders, businessmen, and students as a power
meriting attention and, in some cases, courtship. While a great
deal of attention has been given to Chinese commercial activity in
Latin America, very little has been written in the open press
regarding Chinese military engagement with the region. While visits
by senior military leaders and major arms sales are reported in the
Latin American press, there has been, to date, almost no detailed,
comparative analysis of the PRC-Latin America military
relationship. This is particularly striking, given the emphasis
placed on military relationships in determining whether Chinese
engagement with the region constitutes a threat to U.S. national
security interests.
This monograph examines Chinese military engagement with Latin
America in five areas: (1) meetings between senior military
officials; (2) lower-level military-to-military interactions; (3)
military sales; (4) military-relevant commercial interactions; and,
(5) Chinese physical presence within Latin America, all of which
have military-strategic implications. This monograph finds that the
level of PRC military engagement with the region is higher than is
generally recognized, and has expanded in important ways in recent
years: High-level trips by Latin American defense and security
personnel to the PRC and visits by their Chinese counterparts to
Latin America have become commonplace. The volume and
sophistication of Chinese arms sold to the region has increased.
Officer exchange programs, institutional visits, and other
lower-level ties have also expanded. Chinese military personnel
have begun participating in operations in the region in a modest,
yet symbolically important manner. The monograph also argues that
in the short term, PRC military engagement with Latin America does
not focus on establishing alliances or base access to the United
States, but rather, supporting objectives of national development
and regime survival, such as building understanding and political
leverage among important commercial partners, creating the tools to
protect PRC interests in the countries where it does business, and
selling Chinese products and moving up the value-added chain in
strategically important sectors. It concludes that Chinese military
engagement may both contribute to legitimate regional security
needs, and foster misunderstanding. It argues that the U.S. should
work for greater transparency with the PRC in regard to those
activities, as well as to analyze how the Chinese presence will
impact the calculation of the region's actors in the context of
specific future scenarios.
Transnational Organized Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean:
From Evolving Threats and Responses to Integrated, Adaptive
Solutions provides a comprehensive overview of and introduction to
transnational organized crime in Latin America for the student and
practitioner. It addresses the geography of illicit activities,
including relationships between source, transit, and consumption
zones, as well as illicit activities beyond narcotrafficking, such
as illegal mining, contraband, human smuggling, and money
laundering. It applies a typology of cartels, intermediate groups,
gangs, and ideological groups to examine specific criminal
organizations and the relationships between them. It makes a
comparative assessment of government approaches to combatting
transnational organized crime in the region, including discussions
of interagency coordination, interdiction, targeting of criminal
group leaders, the use of the military in law enforcement, law
enforcement reform efforts, prison control, and international
cooperation. It concludes by applying these thorough analyses to
make concrete recommendations for both Latin American and United
States policymakers.
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