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Emissions of gaseous air pollutants have increased in the last
years in spite of increased controls and concern for air quality.
Predictions of future development also indicate that a further
increase in emissions must be expected. From an extensive analysis
of fuel use in conventional power plants in industry and for
domestic heating, Brocke and Schade (1971) and Schade (1975)
predict that sulfur dioxide (S02) emissions in the Federal Republic
of Germany will increase from '3. 5 million t in 1969, over 4. 2
million t in 1973, to 4. 6 million t in 1980. Rasch (1971) predicts
that emission of hydrogen chloride (HCI) from burning of wastes
will increase from a present 8000 t/year to about 100000 t in 1980.
Emission of gaseous fluoride compounds, in North Rhine Westphalia
alone, are expected to increase from 7500 t in 1969 to 8800 t in
1985 (MAGS, 1972). Similar predic tions have also been made in the
USA (Heggestadt and Heck, 1971). A doubling of S02 emissions from
oil and particularly coal-fired power plants is expected between
1960 and 1980 (Wood, 1968; Lewis et aI. , 1974). When it is
considered that total control of air pollutants is technically and
especially economically impossible, it is important that, in the
future, emissions are controlled within a technical and economic
framework to such an extent that ambient pollutant concentrations
near the ground present no hazard to man or his environment
(BImSchG, 1974).
Photochemical oxidants are secondary air pollutants formed under
the influence of sunlight by complex photochemical reactions in air
which contains nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons as
precursors. The most adverse components formed by photochemical
reactions in polluted air are ozone (0 ) 3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate
(PAN), among many other products such as aldehydes, ketones,
organic and inorganic acids, nitrates, sulfates etc. An analysis
and evaluation of the available knowledge has been used to
characterize the relationships among emissions, ambient air
concentrations, and effects, and to identify the important
controlling influences on the formation and effects of
photochemical oxidants. The biological activity of photochemical
oxidants was first clearly manifested during the early 1940's, when
vegetation injury was observed in the Los Angeles Basin in the
United States. Since that time, as a consequence of the increasing
emissions of photochemical oxidant precursors, the photochemical
oxidants have become the most important air pollutants in North
America. In other parts of the world, for example South and Central
America, Asia, and Australia, photo chemical oxidants threaten
vegetation, particularly the economic and ecological performance of
plant life. According to my knowledge, the first observations of
ozone and PAN injury to vegetation in Europe were made by Dr. Ellis
F. Darley (Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of
California, Riverside, California) during a study visit (1963/64)
to the Federal Republic of Germany."
Im Rahmen dieser Studie werden aus
naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischer, soziologischer, oekonomischer,
juristischer und philosophischer Perspektive Notwendigkeit,
Realisierbarkeit und Konsequenzen von Umweltstandards fur
kombinierte Expositionen untersucht. Auf Expositionen des Menschen
- dabei besonders deren karzinogene sowie genotoxische Wirkungen -
sowie Expositionen einer Auswahl von Pflanzen, anhand derer die
pragmatisch dringlichsten Fragen beantwortet werden, ist das
Hauptaugenmerk der Studie gerichtet. Auf der Grundlage einer auf
Wirkungsmechanismen basierenden Kategorisierung kombinierter
Expositionen werden Kriterien erarbeitet, die trotz der Komplexitat
der einzelnen Wirkungszusammenhange eine Grenzwertsetzung zur
Erhaltung bzw. Erreichung konkreter Umweltqualtitatsziele
ermoeglicht.
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