Drawing parallels between tribal behavior and international relations to demonstrate that societies are not inherently aggressive but are led into conflict when pride or in-group pressures push people to fight, this profound look at the chilling reality of cold war and its arsenal of nuclear destruction offers valuable new insights into how prejudices and stereotypes contribute to what may seem like an inexorable drift to war. Yet the authors conclude that war is not inevitable, as they offer suggestions for an end to the arms race in the nuclear age. Based on original research, this is a long overdue contribution to the study of war and peace in our time and a text for newly emerging courses on the subject.

This collection of papers stems originally from a conference on Property Theory, Type Theory and Semantics held in Amherst on March 13-16 1986. The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (of ten in isolation from one another). Our intent was to boost debate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issues at a time of rapid change in semantics and cognitive science. The papers published in this work have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes. The first deals primarily with logical and philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues. While there is a common set of issues tying the two volumes together, they are both self-contained and can be read independently of one another. Two of the papers in the present collection (van Benthem in volume 1 and Chierchia in volume II) were not actually read at the conference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topics of the volumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the present work due to timing problems. We nevertheless thank the authors for their contribu tion in terms of ideas and participation in the debate."

ThiscollectionofpapersstemsoriginallyfromaconferenceonProperty Theory, TypeTheoryandSemanticsheldinAmherstonMarch13-16 1986.The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (often in isolation from one another).Ourintent wastoboostdebate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issuesat a time ofrapid changeinsemanticsandcognitivescience. The paperspublished in thiswork have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes.The first deals primarily withlogicaland philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues.Whilethere isa common set of issuestyingthetwovolumestogether, theyareboth self-containedand canbereadindependentlyofoneanother. Twoofthepapersinthepresentcollection(vanBentheminvolume Iand ChierchiainvolumeII)werenotactuallyread attheconference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topicsofthevolumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the presentwork due to timingproblems. Wenevertheless thank theauthorsfortheircontribu tionintermsofideasandparticipationinthedebate. The conference had a group of invited discussants whichincluded Emmon Bach, JanetFodor, Erhard Hinrichs, Angelika Kratzer, Fred Landman, Richard Larson, Godehard Link, Chris Menzel, Uwe Mon nich, andCarlPollard.Wethankthemall(alongwiththeotherpartici pants)fortheirstimulatingandlivelypresence."

This book presents an up-to-date overview of the characterization, risk assessment and remediation of mercury-contaminated sites. Many industrial activities, including the mining of gold, silver, and mercury itself, have caused mercury contamination of terrestrial and aquatic systems. Unlike other metals, which are generally not very volatile, mercury from contaminated sites can have a significant impact on remote ecosystems via the atmospheric pathway. Thus, mercury contamination is not only a local issue, but also has global dimensions.This book summarizes, for the first time, works from Europe, Russia and the American continent. Review chapters are supplemented by detailed, international case studies.

Someday computers will be artists. They'll be able to write amusing and original stories, invent and play games of unsurpassed complexity and inventiveness, tell jokes and suffer writer's block. But these things will require computers that can both achieve artistic goals and be creative. Both capabilities are far from accomplished.
This book presents a theory of creativity that addresses some of the many hard problems which must be solved to build a creative computer. It also presents an exploration of the kinds of goals and plans needed to write simple short stories. These theories have been implemented in a computer program called MINSTREL which tells stories about King Arthur and his knights. While far from being the silicon author of the future, MINSTREL does illuminate many of the interesting and difficult issues involved in constructing a creative computer.
The results presented here should be of interest to at least three different groups of people. Artificial intelligence researchers should find this work an interesting application of symbolic AI to the problems of story-telling and creativity. Psychologists interested in creativity and imagination should benefit from the attempt to build a detailed, explicit model of the creative process. Finally, authors and others interested in how people write should find MINSTREL's model of the author-level writing process thought-provoking.

This easy-to-understand textbook presents a modern approach to learning numerical methods (or scientific computing), with a unique focus on the modeling and applications of the mathematical content. Emphasis is placed on the need for, and methods of, scientific computing for a range of different types of problems, supplying the evidence and justification to motivate the reader. Practical guidance on coding the methods is also provided, through simple-to-follow examples using Python. Topics and features: provides an accessible and applications-oriented approach, supported by working Python code for many of the methods; encourages both problem- and project-based learning through extensive examples, exercises, and projects drawn from practical applications; introduces the main concepts in modeling, python programming, number representation, and errors; explains the essential details of numerical calculus, linear, and nonlinear equations, including the multivariable Newton method; discusses interpolation and the numerical solution of differential equations, covering polynomial interpolation, splines, and the Euler, Runge-Kutta, and shooting methods; presents largely self-contained chapters, arranged in a logical order suitable for an introductory course on scientific computing. Undergraduate students embarking on a first course on numerical methods or scientific computing will find this textbook to be an invaluable guide to the field, and to the application of these methods across such varied disciplines as computer science, engineering, mathematics, economics, the physical sciences, and social science.

Awarded the 2009 Olle Prize! The field of coordination polymer research has undergone rapid expansion in recent years. No longer are these materials the vaguely defined 'insoluble material' at the bottom of your vessel that spell death for your reaction. They have gone from 'polymeric rubbish' to 'materials of the future'. Great leaps in the deliberate design of coordination polymers were made in the 1990s. These were allied with similar advances in related areas such as organic crystal engineering, metallosupramolecular chemistry and X-ray diffraction. No longer did we assemble things atom by atom. Whole molecules were used as building blocks and new materials were made. This is the first book to provide a broad overview of all the major facets of coordination polymer research in one place. It combines chapters on nets and interpenetration with wide-ranging surveys of transition metal and lanthanoid coordination polymers and their properties. The aim is to provide a flavour of each aspect whilst introducing the important concepts and developments using carefully selected examples. After an introduction, the text is split into three sections: -Design (nets, interpenetration, malleability) -Analysis (transition metal coordination polymers, lanthanoid coordination polymers, organometallic networks, organic-inorganic hybrids) -Application (magnetic properties, porosity, acentric and chiral networks, reactive coordination polymers, other properties). Written in the style of a tutorial review, the book is suitable for both senior specialists and new postgraduate students taking their first steps in the field. It also provides an authoritative and detailed reference source.

In this book, Liz Turner argues that survey methods have gained an unwarranted and unhealthy level of dominance when it comes to understanding how the public views the criminal justice system. The focus on measuring public confidence in criminal justice by researchers, politicians and criminal justice agencies has tended to prioritise the production of quantitative representations of general opinions, at the expense of more specific, qualitative or deliberative approaches. This has occurred not due to any inherent methodological superiority of survey-based approaches, but due to the congruence of the survey-based, general measure of opinion with the prevailing neoliberal political tendency to engage with citizens as consumers. By identifying the historical conditions on which contemporary knowledge claims rest, and tracing the political power struggles out of which sprang the idea of public confidence in criminal justice as a real and measurable object, Turner shows that things could be otherwise. She also draws attention to the ways in which survey researchers have asserted their dominance over other approaches, suppressing convincing claims by advocates of deliberative methods that a better politics of crime and justice is possible. Ultimately, Turner concludes, researchers need to be more upfront about their political objectives, and more alert to the political responsibilities that go along with the making of knowledge claims. Providing a provocative critique of the dominant approaches to measuring public confidence, this timely study will be of special interest to scholars of the criminal justice system, research methods, and British politics.

Within the past ten years, the discussion of the nature of folk psychology and its role in explaining behavior and thought has become central to the philosophy of mind. However, no comprehensive account of the contemporary debate or collection of the works that make up this debate has yet been available. Intending to fill this gap, this volume begins with the crucial background for the contemporary debate and proceeds with a broad range of responses to and developments of these works -- from those who argue that "folk theory" is a misnomer to those who regard folk theory as legitimately explanatory and necessary for any adequate account of human behavior. Intended for courses in the philosophy of mind, psychology, and science, as well as anthropology and social psychology, this anthology is also of great value in courses focusing on folk models, eliminative materialism, explanation, psychological theory, and -- in particular -- intentional psychology. It is accessible to both graduate students and upper-division undergraduate students of philosophy and psychology as well as researchers. As an aid to students, a thorough discussion of the field and the articles in the anthology is provided in the introduction; as an aid to researchers, a complete bibliography is also provided.

Someday computers will be artists. They'll be able to write amusing and original stories, invent and play games of unsurpassed complexity and inventiveness, tell jokes and suffer writer's block. But these things will require computers that can both achieve artistic goals and be creative. Both capabilities are far from accomplished. This book presents a theory of creativity that addresses some of the many hard problems which must be solved to build a creative computer. It also presents an exploration of the kinds of goals and plans needed to write simple short stories. These theories have been implemented in a computer program called MINSTREL which tells stories about King Arthur and his knights. While far from being the silicon author of the future, MINSTREL does illuminate many of the interesting and difficult issues involved in constructing a creative computer. The results presented here should be of interest to at least three different groups of people. Artificial intelligence researchers should find this work an interesting application of symbolic AI to the problems of story-telling and creativity. Psychologists interested in creativity and imagination should benefit from the attempt to build a detailed, explicit model of the creative process. Finally, authors and others interested in how people write should find MINSTREL's model of the author-level writing process thought-provoking.

Current understanding of neurological disease has been evolving over the past 150 years. With the increasing and earlier sub-specialization of neurology trainees, and their variable exposure to higher academic study, there is little opportunity to put this development into a historical context as a whole. Understanding the 'evidence-base', or appreciating the lack of it in some cases, is an important part of training but this is rarely presented in a palatable, entertaining form. Part of the Landmark Papers in series, this book brings together the ten most important papers for each sub-speciality within neurology, covering the full range of major neurological conditions. Papers have been selected by leading international experts, who not only summarize what each paper showed, but place them into a wider context that makes a coherent story of how their sub-speciality has developed.

This collection of papers stems originally from a conference on Property Theory, Type Theory and Semantics held in Amherst on March 13-16 1986. The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (of ten in isolation from one another). Our intent was to boost debate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issues at a time of rapid change in semantics and cognitive science. The papers published in this work have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes. The first deals primarily with logical and philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues. While there is a common set of issues tying the two volumes together, they are both self-contained and can be read independently of one another. Two of the papers in the present collection (van Benthem in volume 1 and Chierchia in volume II) were not actually read at the conference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topics of the volumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the present work due to timing problems. We nevertheless thank the authors for their contribu tion in terms of ideas and participation in the debate."

Each week of this three week meeting was a self-contained event, although each had the same underlying theme - the effect of parallel processing on numerical analysis. Each week provided the opportunity for intensive study to broaden participants' research interests or deepen their understanding of topics of which they already had some knowledge. There was also the opportunity for continuing individual research in the stimulating environment created by the presence of several experts of international stature. This volume contains lecture notes for most of the major courses of lectures presented at the meeting; they cover topics in parallel algorithms for large sparse linear systems and optimization, an introductory survey of level-index arithmetic and superconvergence in the finite element method.

ThiscollectionofpapersstemsoriginallyfromaconferenceonProperty Theory, TypeTheoryandSemanticsheldinAmherstonMarch13-16 1986.The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (often in isolation from one another).Ourintent wastoboostdebate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issuesat a time ofrapid changeinsemanticsandcognitivescience. The paperspublished in thiswork have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes.The first deals primarily withlogicaland philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues.Whilethere isa common set of issuestyingthetwovolumestogether, theyareboth self-containedand canbereadindependentlyofoneanother. Twoofthepapersinthepresentcollection(vanBentheminvolume Iand ChierchiainvolumeII)werenotactuallyread attheconference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topicsofthevolumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the presentwork due to timingproblems. Wenevertheless thank theauthorsfortheircontribu tionintermsofideasandparticipationinthedebate. The conference had a group of invited discussants whichincluded Emmon Bach, JanetFodor, Erhard Hinrichs, Angelika Kratzer, Fred Landman, Richard Larson, Godehard Link, Chris Menzel, Uwe Mon nich, andCarlPollard.Wethankthemall(alongwiththeotherpartici pants)fortheirstimulatingandlivelypresence."

Each week of this three week meeting was a self-contained event, although each had the same underlying theme - the effect of parallel processing on numerical analysis. Each week provided the opportunity for intensive study to broaden participants' research interests or deepen their understanding of topics of which they already had some knowledge. There was also the opportunity for continuing individual research in the stimulating environment created by the presence of several experts of international stature. This volume contains lecture notes for most of the major courses of lectures presented at the meeting; they cover topics in parallel algorithms for large sparse linear systems and optimization, an introductory survey of level-index arithmetic and superconvergence in the finite element method.

cB) 114 7. 8 Constant electric and magnetic fields at right angles (8,

Within the past ten years, the discussion of the nature of folk psychology and its role in explaining behavior and thought has become central to the philosophy of mind. However, no comprehensive account of the contemporary debate or collection of the works that make up this debate has yet been available. Intending to fill this gap, this volume begins with the crucial background for the contemporary debate and proceeds with a broad range of responses to and developments of these works -- from those who argue that "folk theory" is a misnomer to those who regard folk theory as legitimately explanatory and necessary for any adequate account of human behavior. Intended for courses in the philosophy of mind, psychology, and science, as well as anthropology and social psychology, this anthology is also of great value in courses focusing on folk models, eliminative materialism, explanation, psychological theory, and -- in particular -- intentional psychology. It is accessible to both graduate students and upper-division undergraduate students of philosophy and psychology as well as researchers. As an aid to students, a thorough discussion of the field and the articles in the anthology is provided in the introduction; as an aid to researchers, a complete bibliography is also provided.

Part of the Oxford Textbooks in Clinical Neurology series, the Oxford Textbook of Neuromuscular Disorders covers the scientific basis, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of neuromuscular disorders with a particular focus on the most clinically relevant disorders. The book is organized into seven sections, starting with the general approach to the patient with neuromuscular disorders and then focusing on specific neuromuscular conditions affecting the peripheral nervous system from its origins at the spinal cord anterior horn on its outward course to their effector muscles and the inbound sensory pathways. Chapters on specific neuromuscular conditions are illustrated with typical case histories and their presenting features, allowing readers to put rarer conditions into their clinical context more easily. The concurrent online version allows access to the full content of the textbook, contains links from the references to primary research journal articles, allows full text searches, and provides access to figures and tables that can be downloaded to PowerPoint (R). This textbook will serve as a useful reference for neurologists and specialist trainees in neurology, neuroscientists, neurophysiologists, and other healthcare professionals.

There are around 5,000 patients in the UK living with Motor Neuron Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and many others shouldering the burden of their care. This fatal neurodegenerative disease leads to progressive muscle weakness and wasting, and there is currently non effective treatment. Managing these patients from their initial presentation, through confirmation of diagnosis and throughout their disease journey is challenging for all healthcare professionals. It requires a multi-disciplinary approach involving neurologists, general practitioners, palliative care physicians, specialist nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and speech and language therapists. Each member of the team has different priorities to effectively manage the myriad of symptoms and other practical difficulties, both emotional and financial, that the MND patient may experience.
This book is a comprehensive guide to the complexities of care for the patient with Motor Neuron Disease, written by experienced members of a large care center. It has been specifically written and designed to provide comprehensive, easily accessible advice for all healthcare professionals involved in the care of patients with this challenging condition, including diagnostic, prognostic, physical, emotional, and practical challenges. The entire care pathway from presentation to diagnosis to symptom management and end of life issues is addressed in detail, but in a highly structured, easily accessible format that allows the reader to find practical answers rapidly. This book is an invaluable resource for neurologists (including those in training), neurology wards and specialty nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, respiratory and gastroenterology departments providing NIV or PEG support, palliative care teams, and all healthcare professionals with an interest in MND patients.