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The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for
generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent
years, ever rising human population growth has put a tremendous
pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the
potential of previously unexploited tree resources; and
environmental pollution have both accelerated the development of
new technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement.
Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems
which can not be solved by conventional breeding methods. The
combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant
propagation and breeding could become a novel approach to improving
and multiplying a large number of the trees and woody plants. So
far, plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited by
commercial companies in propagation of ornamentals, especially
foliage house plants. Generally, tissue culture of woody plants has
been recalcitrant. However, limited success has been achieved in
tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants. A number
of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants such as
Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda),
Sandalwood (Santalum album), Citrus and mango (Mangifera indica),
offer a ray of hope for inexpensive clonal propagation for
large-scale production of plants or 'emblings' or somatic
seedlings; protoplast work; cryopreservation; genetic
transformation; and synthetic or artificial or manufactured seed
production.
The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for
generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent
years, ever rising human population growth has put tremendous
pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the
potential of previously unexploited tree resources and
environmental pollution have both accelerated development of new
technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement.
Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems
which cannot be solved by conventional breeding methods. The
combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant
propagation and breeding may be a novel approach to improving and
multiplying in large number the trees and woody plants. So far,
plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited in the
propagation of ornamental plants, especially foliage house plants,
by com mercial companies. Generally, tissue culture of woody plants
has been recal citrant. However, limited success has been achieved
in tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants. A
number of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants
such as Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda),
Sandalwood (Santalurn album), Citrus, Mango (Mangifera indica),
etc., offer a ray of hope of: a) inexpensive clonal propa gation
for large-scale production of plants or "emblings" or "somatic
embryo plants," b) protoplast work, c) cryopreservation, d) genetic
transformation, and e) artificial or manufactured seed production."
The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for
generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent
years, ever rising human population growth has put tremendous
pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the
potential of previously un exploited tree resources and
environmental pollution have both accelerated development of new
technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement.
Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems
which cannot be solved by conventional breeding methods. The
combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant
propagation and breeding may be a novel approach to improving and
multiplying in large number the trees and woody plants. So far,
plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited in the
propagation of ornamental plants, especially foliage house plants,
by com- mercial companies. Generally, tissue culture of woody
plants has been recal- citrant. However, limited success has been
achieved in tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody
plants. A number of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in
woody plants such as Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda), Sandalwood (Santalum album), Citrus, Mango
(Mangifera indica), etc. offer a ray of hope of: (a) inexpensive
clonal propa- gation for large-scale production of plants or
"emblings" or "somatic embryo plants"; (b) protoplast work; (c)
cryopreservation; (d) genetic transforma- tion; and (e) artificial
or manufactured seed production.
The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for
generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent
years, ever rising human population growth has put a tremendous
pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the
potential of previously unexploited tree resources; and environ
mental pollution have both accelerated the development of new
technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement.
Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems
which can not be solved by conventional breeding methods. The
combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant
propagation and breeding may be a novel approach to improving and
multiplying a large number of the trees and woody plants. So far,
plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited by
commercial companies in propagation of ornamentals, especially
foliage house plants. Gene rally, tissue culture of woody plants
has been recalcitrant. However, limited success has been achieved
in tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants. A
number of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants
such as Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pine (Pinus taedb),
Sandalwood (Santalum album), Citrus, mango (Mangifera indica),
etc., offer a ray of hope of: a) inexpensive clonal propagation for
large-scale production of plants or "emblings" or somatic
seedlings; b) protoplast work; c) cryopreservation; d) genetic
transformation; and e) synthetic or artificial or manufactured seed
production."
The rapid progress on somatic embryogenesis and its prospects for
potential application to improving woody plants prompted us to edit
this book initially in three volumes, and now an additional three
more volumes. We were all convinced that such a treatise was needed
and would be extremely useful to researchers and students. This
volume 6 is dedicated to Prof. Harry Waris, Helsinki, Finland, who
did pioneer work on somatic embryogenesis during the time when
Prof. Steward and others were actively engaged in this area. His
former student Prof. Liisa Simols, University of Helsinki, Finland,
has written a dedication Harry Waris, a pioneer in somatic
embryogenesis' to her teacher Prof. Waris. This volume is divided
into three sections and contains a total of 26 chapters. Section A
comprises seven chapters covering topics such as: Historical
insights into some contemporary problems in somatic embryogenesis
(SE); Thin cell layer for somatic embryogenesis induction in woody
trees; SE in tropical fruit and forest trees; SE in fruit and
forest arid trees; Status of SE in Indian forest trees; SE research
in fruit trees in India; Applications of SE for the improvement of
tropical fruit trees. Section B comprises 15 chapters, dealing
with: SE in oil palm, hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), pistachio
(Pistacia vera L.), Araucaria angustifolia, Quercus suber,
Aspidosperma polyneuron, Acacia senegal, Simmondsia chiensis,
Cupressus sempervirens, pecan (Carya illinoinensis), rattan
(Calamus spp.), tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea, longan (Dimocarpus
longan Lor.), Aegle marmelos, and Euonymus europaeus. Section C
comprises three chapters related to cryo-storage of citrus,
conifers and rubber. All the chaptershave been peer-reviewed and
revised accordingly to improve the quality of the chapters. We are
thankful to all: (a) contributory authors for their co-operation in
submitting manuscripts in time, and (b) reviewers for spending
their valuable time in reviewing the manuscripts.
This book volume has been divided into three sections and contains
a total of 23 chapters. Section A contains eleven chapters covering
topics such as studies of embryo development and cell biology of
white spruce, proliferative somatic embryogenesis in woody species,
somatic embryo germination and desiccation tolerance in conifers,
performance of conifer somatic seedlings, apoptosis during early
somatic embryogenesis, water relation parameters in conifer
embryos, image analysis of somatic embryos, somatic embryogenesis
in woody legumes, cold storage and crypreservation, and
commercialization of plant somatic embryogenesis. Section B
comprisis six chapters dealing with angiosperm woody plants such as
somatic embryogenesis in myrtaceous plants, Laurus nobilis,
Simarouba glauca, Magnolia spp., Juglans cinera, and somatic
embryogenesis and evaluation of variability in somatic seedlings of
Quercus serrata by RAPD markers. The chapters contained in Section
C are focussed on somatic embryogenesis in gymnosperms, including
Pinus patula, Encephalartos, Picea wilsonii, Pinus banksiana,
hybrid firs, and Taxus. All the mansucripts have been peer reviewed
and revised accordingly to improve the quality of these chapters.
The final manuscripts were submitted as camera- ready to
publication, and editors had no opportunity to go through them
again before the final printing. Authors were advised to prepare
final camera-ready manuscripts carefully to avoid any mistakes.
Therefore, editors are not respon- sible for mistakes, if any, in
this book volume. We are grateful to all the book chapter
contributors for submitting their manuscripts in time, and to the
reviewers for giving their free time to review the manuscripts.
The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for
generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent
years, ever rising human population growth has put a tremendous
pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the
potential of previously unexploited tree resources; and
environmental pollution have both accelerated the development of
new technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement.
Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems
which can not be solved by conventional breeding methods. The
combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant
propagation and breeding could become a novel approach to improving
and multiplying a large number of the trees and woody plants. So
far, plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited by
commercial companies in propagation of ornamentals, especially
foliage house plants. Generally, tissue culture of woody plants has
been recalcitrant. However, limited success has been achieved in
tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants. A number
of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants such as
Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda),
Sandalwood (Santalum album), Citrus and mango (Mangifera indica),
offer a ray of hope for inexpensive clonal propagation for
large-scale production of plants or 'emblings' or somatic
seedlings; protoplast work; cryopreservation; genetic
transformation; and synthetic or artificial or manufactured seed
production.
The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for
generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent
years, ever rising human population growth has put tremendous
pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the
potential of previously unexploited tree resources and
environmental pollution have both accelerated development of new
technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement.
Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems
which cannot be solved by conventional breeding methods. The
combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant
propagation and breeding may be a novel approach to improving and
multiplying in large number the trees and woody plants. So far,
plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited in the
propagation of ornamental plants, especially foliage house plants,
by com mercial companies. Generally, tissue culture of woody plants
has been recal citrant. However, limited success has been achieved
in tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants. A
number of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants
such as Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda),
Sandalwood (Santalurn album), Citrus, Mango (Mangifera indica),
etc., offer a ray of hope of: a) inexpensive clonal propa gation
for large-scale production of plants or "emblings" or "somatic
embryo plants," b) protoplast work, c) cryopreservation, d) genetic
transformation, and e) artificial or manufactured seed production."
The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for
generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent
years, ever rising human population growth has put tremendous
pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the
potential of previously un exploited tree resources and
environmental pollution have both accelerated development of new
technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement.
Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems
which cannot be solved by conventional breeding methods. The
combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant
propagation and breeding may be a novel approach to improving and
multiplying in large number the trees and woody plants. So far,
plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited in the
propagation of ornamental plants, especially foliage house plants,
by com- mercial companies. Generally, tissue culture of woody
plants has been recal- citrant. However, limited success has been
achieved in tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody
plants. A number of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in
woody plants such as Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda), Sandalwood (Santalum album), Citrus, Mango
(Mangifera indica), etc. offer a ray of hope of: (a) inexpensive
clonal propa- gation for large-scale production of plants or
"emblings" or "somatic embryo plants"; (b) protoplast work; (c)
cryopreservation; (d) genetic transforma- tion; and (e) artificial
or manufactured seed production.
This book volume has been divided into three sections and contains
a total of 23 chapters. Section A contains eleven chapters covering
topics such as studies of embryo development and cell biology of
white spruce, proliferative somatic embryogenesis in woody species,
somatic embryo germination and desiccation tolerance in conifers,
performance of conifer somatic seedlings, apoptosis during early
somatic embryogenesis, water relation parameters in conifer
embryos, image analysis of somatic embryos, somatic embryogenesis
in woody legumes, cold storage and crypreservation, and
commercialization of plant somatic embryogenesis. Section B
comprisis six chapters dealing with angiosperm woody plants such as
somatic embryogenesis in myrtaceous plants, Laurus nobilis,
Simarouba glauca, Magnolia spp., Juglans cinera, and somatic
embryogenesis and evaluation of variability in somatic seedlings of
Quercus serrata by RAPD markers. The chapters contained in Section
C are focussed on somatic embryogenesis in gymnosperms, including
Pinus patula, Encephalartos, Picea wilsonii, Pinus banksiana,
hybrid firs, and Taxus. All the mansucripts have been peer reviewed
and revised accordingly to improve the quality of these chapters.
The final manuscripts were submitted as camera- ready to
publication, and editors had no opportunity to go through them
again before the final printing. Authors were advised to prepare
final camera-ready manuscripts carefully to avoid any mistakes.
Therefore, editors are not respon- sible for mistakes, if any, in
this book volume. We are grateful to all the book chapter
contributors for submitting their manuscripts in time, and to the
reviewers for giving their free time to review the manuscripts.
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