The overall aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the mechanisms that the micro-organisms known as extremophiles have evolved to survive and grow in particular extreme environments, and how these may be, or are being, exploited for biotechnological processes. Whilst the volume is aimed primarily at established research workers in universities, research institutes and industry, it is hoped that it will also provide a stimulating introduction to the subject for senior undergraduates and postgraduates who are interested in organisms which inhabit unusual and extreme environments. In future years these organisms may form the basis of new biotechnologically-based industries.

It is now well recognised that many environments considered by man to be extreme are colonised by micro-organisms which are specifically adapted to these ecological niches. These organisms not only survive but actively grow under such conditions. A diverse range of bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae and yeasts has now been isolated from these habitats which are extreme in terms oftemperature, pH, salinity and pressure as well as species which are resistant to radiation and toxic chemicals. Whilst originally considered to be mere 'scientific curiosities', it is now generally accepted that many have con siderable biotechnological and commercial significance. Recently the term 'extremophile' has been used to describe these organisms. Over the past twenty years extensive studies of the ecology, physiology, taxonomy and molecular biology of these micro-organisms have been undertaken. These have resulted in a complete reassessment of our concept ofmicrobial evolution. The identification ofthe Archaeobacteria as the third kingdom ofliving organisms has given considerable impetus to extremophile research and is presenting many new challenges."

Habeas corpus is the principal means under the common law for the protection of personal liberty. By this ancient writ, the court assumes control over the body of a prisoner so it can discharge him or her to freedom if no proper legal cause can be shown for detention. Habeas corpus secures release from any form of unlawful custody, whether decreed by the highest powers of the state or imposed by the lowest slave-trader. Its reach is as diverse as the forms of confinement. Throughout its history, it has proved adept at adapting to new challenges. It extends beyond the prison wall and has been invoked to determine the proper parental custody of a child and to free patients wrongly detained for compulsory medical treatment, indentured workers, conscripted soldiers, as well as individuals wrongly held in the war on terrorism. Looking first at the historical development of the writ, the book traces its growth in significance until its emergence as a cornerstone of the rule of law. Having established habeas corpus as a central constitutional principle, the volume goes on to examine the role and limits of the remedy today. It describes the modern workings of habeas corpus and assesses its contemporary scope and function. The authors explore the relationship between habeas corpus and fundamental rights. Critically surveying the nature of judicial review on habeas corpus, the book investigates past, present, and potential future uses of the writ, providing a comprehensive statement of current English law and a discussion of the position in other Commonwealth countries.