The double helix architecture of DNA was elucidated in 1953. Twenty years later, in 1973, the discovery of restriction enzymes helped to create recombinant DNA molecules in vitro. The implications of these powerful and novel methods of molecular biology, and their potential in the genetic manipulation and improvement of microbes, plants and animals, became increasingly evident, and led to the birth of modern biotechnology. The first transgenic plants in which a bacterial gene had been stably integrated were produced in 1983, and by 1993 transgenic plants had been produced in all major crop species, including the cereals and the legumes. These remarkable achievements have resulted in the production of crops that are resistant to potent but environmentally safe herbicides, or to viral pathogens and insect pests. In other instances genes have been introduced that delay fruit ripening, or increase starch content, or cause male sterility. Most of these manipulations are based on the introduction of a single gene - generally of bacterial origin - that regulates an important monogenic trait, into the crop of choice. Many of the engineered crops are now under field trials and are expected to be commercially produced within the next few years. The early successes in plant biotechnology led to the realization that further molecular improvement of plants will require a thorough understanding of the molecular basis of plant development, and the identification and character ization of genes that regulate agronomically important multi genic traits.

With the new techniques described in this volume, a new gene can be placed on the linkage map within only a few days. Leading researchers have updated the earlier edition to include the latest versions of DNA-based marker maps for a variety of important crops.

With the new techniques described in this volume, a new gene can be placed on the linkage map within only a few days. Leading researchers have updated the earlier edition to include the latest versions of DNA-based marker maps for a variety of important crops.

Surely, God did not allow African Americans to experience oppression for over four hundred years just for us to dwell in an exclusive neighborhood, acquire material possessions, attain middle class status, or be a famous black first. African Americans are not in America to imitate our white brothers and sisters. Our situation is unique. We are insiders and outsiders, Americans and of African descent, free and unfree. We are a split people seeking wholeness. By bringing new insights into the life of African Americans, Rev. Phillips uses a number of case studies of his former high school students to reveal the severity of the split in the life of the students and their community at large. He contends that if we do not attain true wholeness, our unresolved conflicts would harm us psychologically and spiritually, which in turn could detrimentally affect us socially, politically and economically. Many have already become hopeless and mentally challenged. Our educational and social problems are troublesome. Despite our progress in America, many are still experiencing a meaningless life and are seeking answers. How can one attain wholeness in a materialistic and black phobic world? Rev. Phillips takes us on an engaging journey to discover the answer.

Surely, God did not allow African Americans to experience oppression for over four hundred years just for us to dwell in an exclusive neighborhood, acquire material possessions, attain middle class status, or be a famous black first. African Americans are not in America to imitate our white brothers and sisters. Our situation is unique. We are insiders and outsiders, Americans and of African descent, free and unfree. We are a split people seeking wholeness. By bringing new insights into the life of African Americans, Rev. Phillips uses a number of case studies of his former high school students to reveal the severity of the split in the life of the students and their community at large. He contends that if we do not attain true wholeness, our unresolved conflicts would harm us psychologically and spiritually, which in turn could detrimentally affect us socially, politically and economically. Many have already become hopeless and mentally challenged. Our educational and social problems are troublesome. Despite our progress in America, many are still experiencing a meaningless life and are seeking answers. How can one attain wholeness in a materialistic and black phobic world? Rev. Phillips takes us on an engaging journey to discover the answer.