PEFC fuel cell have great role in the field of renewable energy having high efficiency.A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy and heat without combustion. Fuel cell systems operate on pure hydrogen and air to produce electricity with water and heat as the by products. Fuel cell power system can be used in domestic applications, industries, and in transpor

None of the clay minerals was found to be dominating in either silt or clay fractions. Both the fractions showed the presence of mixture of minerals namely mica, smectite, kaolinite and vermiculite. The presence of smectite and vermiculite amidst ubiquitous presence of mica indicates that mica might have weathered to give rise to smectite and vermiculite. In view of incipient development of soils in the Aravali sediments and also the similar kind of minerals throughout the profiles was suggested that the minerals present were not formed during the post deposition period of the soil formation. They appear to be inherited from the parent materials. The transformation of mica might have occurred at the source area of alluvium or during their transportation by water. Despite the soils were loamy sand or sandy loams textured but due to their enrichment in mica, smectite and vermiculite, they are beneficial in retaining moisture and nutrients during crop cultivation

Recent progress in molecular biology and biotechnology is impacting the life sciences as well as the lives of people in unprecedented ways. Plant genetic transformation and molecular marker technologies have led to a paradigm shift in plant genetic resource management and crop improvement. Granting patent protection to genes has not only provided incentive for gene discovery and placed monetary value on germplasm resources, but also raised concerns about ownership and access to genetic resources. This book is an outcome of the presentations made during Dr. B.P. Pal Birth Centenary Symposium organized by the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), New Delhi, India, in February 2006. It begins with the commemorative lectures, which trace the evolution of approaches to the search for new genes in the last seven decades, since the seminal article written by Dr. B.P. Pal on the 'Search for new genes' in 1936. The book provides a comprehensive update of the modern biotechnological options for biodiversity management, gene prospecting, development of 'designer crops' and bioremediation. The power of molecular genetics in dissection of complex biological processes, and the potential utility of the knowledge that links genes to metabolic pathways and phenotypes for plant improvement are highlighted. The book covers strategies for harnessing the community and individual knowledge for genetic resource management and gene discovery, and presents models for benefit sharing and participatory plant breeding. Written by eminent experts in the field, the book shall be of significant interest not only to the academic and research community worldwide, but also to the policy makers and science administrators.