This edited volume examines a range of historical and contemporary episodes of reconciliation and anti-reconciliation in the aftermath of war. Reconciliation is a concept that resists easy definition. At the same time, it is almost invariably invoked as a goal of post-conflict reconstruction, peacebuilding and transitional justice. This book examines the considerable ambiguity and controversy surrounding the term and, crucially, asks what has reconciliation entailed historically? What can we learn from past episodes of reconciliation and anti-reconciliation? Taken together, the chapters in this volume adopt an interdisciplinary approach, focused on the question of how reconciliation has been enacted, performed and understood in particular historical episodes, and how that might contribute to our understanding of the concept and its practice. Rather than seek a universal definition, the book focuses on what makes each case of reconciliation unique, and highlights the specificity of reconciliation in individual contexts. This book will be of much interest to students of transitional justice, conflict resolution, human rights, history and International Relations.

This edited volume examines a range of historical and contemporary episodes of reconciliation and anti-reconciliation in the aftermath of war. Reconciliation is a concept that resists easy definition. At the same time, it is almost invariably invoked as a goal of post-conflict reconstruction, peacebuilding and transitional justice. This book examines the considerable ambiguity and controversy surrounding the term and, crucially, asks what has reconciliation entailed historically? What can we learn from past episodes of reconciliation and anti-reconciliation? Taken together, the chapters in this volume adopt an interdisciplinary approach, focused on the question of how reconciliation has been enacted, performed and understood in particular historical episodes, and how that might contribute to our understanding of the concept and its practice. Rather than seek a universal definition, the book focuses on what makes each case of reconciliation unique, and highlights the specificity of reconciliation in individual contexts. This book will be of much interest to students of transitional justice, conflict resolution, human rights, history and International Relations.

This volume provides an authoritative, cutting-edge resource on the characteristics of both technological and social change in warfare in the twenty-first century, and the challenges such change presents to international law.

The character of contemporary warfare has recently undergone significant transformation in several important respects: the nature of the actors, the changing technological capabilities available to them, and the sites and spaces in which war is fought. These changes have augmented the phenomenon of non-obvious warfare, making understanding warfare one of the key challenges. Such developments have been accompanied by significant flux and uncertainty in the international legal sphere. This handbook brings together a unique blend of expertise, combining scholars and practitioners in science and technology, international law, strategy and policy, in order properly to understand and identify the chief characteristics and features of a range of innovative developments, means and processes in the context of obvious and non-obvious warfare. The handbook has six thematic sections:

Law, war and technology

Cyber warfare

Autonomy, robotics and drones

Synthetic biology

New frontiers

International perspectives.

This interdisciplinary blend and the novel, rich and insightful contribution that it makes across various fields will make this volume a crucial research tool and guide for practitioners, scholars and students of war studies, security studies, technology and design, ethics, international relations and international law.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction: Technological Innovation, Non-Obvious Warfare and Challenges to International Law Rachel Kerr

Part I: Law, War and Technology

2. Obvious and Non-Obvious: the Changing Character of Warfare Ernst Dijxhoorn and James Gow

3. Weapons Law, Weapon Reviews and New Technologies Bill Boothby

4. A Defence Technologist’s View of International Humanitarian Law Tony Gillespie

5. Can the Law Regulate the Humanitarian Effects of New Technologies?Brian Rappert

Part II: Cyber Warfare

6. Computer Network Attacks Under the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello: ‘Armed’ – Effects and Consequences Elaine Korzak and James Gow

7. Computer Network Attacks Under the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello: Distinction, Proportionality, Ambiguity and Attribution Elaine Korzak and James Gow

8. Proportionality in Cyber Targeting Marco Roscini

9. Digital Intelligence and Armed Conflict after SnowdenSir David Omand

10. The Ambiguities of Cyber Security: Offence and the Human Factor James Gow

Part III: Autonomy, Robotics and Drones

11. Autonomy of Humans and Robots Thrishanta Nannayakkara

12.Autonomous Agents and Command Responsibility Jack McDonald

13. Legal-Policy Challenges of Armed Drones and Autonomous Weapon Systems Matthew C. Waxman and Kenneth Anderson

14. The ‘Robots Don’t Rape’ Controversy Maziar Homayounnejad and Richard E. Overill

15. Humanity and Lethal Robots: An Engineering Perspective Tony Gillespie

Part IV: Synthetic Biology

16. Biotechnological Innovation, Non-Obvious Warfare and Challenges to International Law Christopher Lowe

17.Synthetic Biology and the Biological Weapons Convention Filippa Lentzos and Cecile Hellestveit

18.A Threat Assessment of Biological Weapons: Past, Present and Future Matteo Bencic Habian

19. The Synthetic Biology Dilemma: Dual-Use and the Limits of Academic Freedom Guglielmo Verdirame and Matteo Bencic Habian

Part V: New Frontiers

20.Space Oddities: Law, War and the Proliferation of Space Power Bleddyn Bowen

21. Outer Space and Private Companies: Consequences for Global Security Pawel Frankowski

22. Biometrics and Human Security James Gow and Georg Gassauer

23. Future War Crimes and the Military (1): Cyber Warfare James Gow and Ernst Dijxhoorn

24. Future War Crimes and the Military (2): Autonomy and Synthetic Biology James Gow and Ernst Dijxhoorn

25. Future War Crimes and Prosecution: Gathering Digital Evidence Maziar Homayounnejad, Richard E. Overill and James Gow

Part VI: International Perspectives

26. Russian Information Warfare and its Challenges to International Law Oscar Jonsson

27. Unconventional Warfare and Technological Innovation in Islam: Ethics and Legality Ariane Tabatabai

28. Cyber Security, Cyber-Deterrence and International Law: the Case of France Anne-Marie Le Gloannec and Fleur Richard-Tixier

29. The US, the UK, Russia and China (1): Regulating Cyber Attacks under International Law – Developments at the United NationsElaine Korzak

30. The US, the UK, Russia and China (2): Regulating Cyber Attacks under International Law – the Potential for Dedicated Norms Elaine Korzak

This volume examines the legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which was created under Chapter VII of the UN Charter as a mechanism explicitly aimed at the restoration and maintenance of international peace and security. As the ICTY has now entered its twentieth year, this volume reflects on the record and practices of the Tribunal. Since it was established, it has had enormous impact on the procedural, jurisprudential and institutional development of international criminal law, as well as the international criminal justice project. This will be its international legacy, but its legacy in the region where the crimes under its jurisdiction took place is less clear; research has shown that reactions to the ICTY have been mixed among the communities most affected by its work. Bringing together a range of key thinkers in the field, Prosecuting War Crimes explores these findings and discusses why many feel that the ICTY has failed to fully engage with people's experiences and meet their expectations. This book will be of much interest to students of war crimes, international criminal law, Central and East European politics, human rights, and peace and conflict studies.

This volume examines the legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which was created under Chapter VII of the UN Charter as a mechanism explicitly aimed at the restoration and maintenance of international peace and security. As the ICTY has now entered its twentieth year, this volume reflects on the record and practices of the Tribunal. Since it was established, it has had enormous impact on the procedural, jurisprudential and institutional development of international criminal law, as well as the international criminal justice project. This will be its international legacy, but its legacy in the region where the crimes under its jurisdiction took place is less clear; research has shown that reactions to the ICTY have been mixed among the communities most affected by its work. Bringing together a range of key thinkers in the field, Prosecuting War Crimes explores these findings and discusses why many feel that the ICTY has failed to fully engage with people's experiences and meet their expectations. This book will be of much interest to students of war crimes, international criminal law, Central and East European politics, human rights, and peace and conflict studies.

This volume provides an authoritative, cutting-edge resource on the characteristics of both technological and social change in warfare in the twenty-first century, and the challenges such change presents to international law. The character of contemporary warfare has recently undergone significant transformation in several important respects: the nature of the actors, the changing technological capabilities available to them, and the sites and spaces in which war is fought. These changes have augmented the phenomenon of non-obvious warfare, making understanding warfare one of the key challenges. Such developments have been accompanied by significant flux and uncertainty in the international legal sphere. This handbook brings together a unique blend of expertise, combining scholars and practitioners in science and technology, international law, strategy and policy, in order properly to understand and identify the chief characteristics and features of a range of innovative developments, means and processes in the context of obvious and non-obvious warfare. The handbook has six thematic sections: Law, war and technology Cyber warfare Autonomy, robotics and drones Synthetic biology New frontiers International perspectives. This interdisciplinary blend and the novel, rich and insightful contribution that it makes across various fields will make this volume a crucial research tool and guide for practitioners, scholars and students of war studies, security studies, technology and design, ethics, international relations and international law.

On 25 May 1993 the United Nations Security Council took the extraordinary and unprecedented step of deciding to establish the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) as a mechanism for the restoration and maintenance of international peace and security. This was an extremely significant innovation in the use of mandatory enforcement powers by the Security Council, and the manifestation of an explicit link between peace and justice --politics and law.
The establishment of ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda was followed by the adoption of the Rome Statute of the ICC in July 1998, the arrest of General Augusto Pinochet in London in October 1998, and the establishment of ad hoc tribunals in Cambodia, Sierra Leone, and East Timor, all of which pointed to an emerging norm of international criminal justice. The key to understanding this is the relationship between the political mandate and the judicial function. The Tribunal was established as a tool of politics, but it was a judicial, not a political tool.
This book provides a systematic examination of the Tribunal, what it is, why it was established, how it functions, and where its significance lies. The central question is whether an international judicial institution, such as the Tribunal, can operate in a highly politicized context and fulfill an explicit political purpose, without the judicial process becoming politicized. Separate chapters chart the origins of the court, the process of establishment, jurisdiction, procedure, state co-operation, including obtaining custody of accused, and the role and function of the Chief Prosecutor. This last element is the key to the Tribunal's success in maintaining a delicate balancing act so that its external political function does not impinge on its impartial judicial status, and instead enhances its effectiveness. The book concludes with an assessment of the conduct of the Milosevic case to date.