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As Bashar al-Asad rescinds emergency rule in the face of
demonstrations and protests, Syria finds itself in a key position
in a Middle East beset by regional tensions, the repercussions of
the global 'war on terror' and popular uprisings. The bloodless
coup by General Hafez al-Assad, in 1970, put in place a powerful
autocratic machinery at the core of the state which continues till
today under the control of his son Bashar. Here Radwan Ziadeh
presents a fresh and penetrating analysis of Syria's political
structure - a 'despotic' state monopoly, a bureaucratic climate
marked by fear, and the administrative structure through which
centralized control is exercised. With a focus on Syria's
intelligence services which have significant influence in legal and
policy decisions, and the conditions and patterns of foreign policy
decision-making, particularly vis-a-vis the US, 'Power and Policy
in Syria' is essential reading for all those interested in Syria,
the modern Middle East, International Relations and Security
Studies.
Gross violations of International Humanitarian Law and
International Human Rights Laws have been committed in Syria. After
a full cessation of violence, launching transitional justice
processes will signal to the victims that those responsible for
committing these crimes will be brought to reparation and that the
time of impunity is over. This book discusses the available options
of justice and how accountability will be achieved through
international systems and a new hybrid court system.
Gross violations of International Humanitarian Law and
International Human Rights Laws have been committed in Syria. After
a full cessation of violence, launching transitional justice
processes will signal to the victims that those responsible for
committing these crimes will be brought to reparation and that the
time of impunity is over. This book discusses the available options
of justice and how accountability will be achieved through
international systems and a new hybrid court system.
Political sociology has struggled with predicting the next turn of
transformation in the MENA countries after the 2011 Uprisings. Arab
activists did not articulate explicitly any modalities of their
desired system, although their slogans ushered to a
fully-democratic society. These unguided Uprisings showcase an
open-ended freedom-to question after Arabs underwent their
freedom-from struggle from authoritarianism. The new conflicts in
Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Libya have fragmented shar'iya
(legitimacy) into distinct conceptualizations: "revolutionary
legitimacy," "electoral legitimacy," "legitimacy of the street,"
and "consensual legitimacy." This volume examines whether the
Uprisings would introduce a replica of the European Enlightenment
or rather stimulate an Arab/Islamic awakening with its own cultural
specificity and political philosophy. By placing Immanuel Kant in
Tahrir Square, this book adopts a comparative analysis of two
enlightenment projects: one Arab, still under construction, with
possible progression toward modernity or regression toward
neo-authoritarianism, and one European, shaped by the past two
centuries. Mohammed D. Cherkaoui and the contributing authors use a
hybrid theoretical framework drawing on three tanwiri
(enlightenment) philosophers from different eras: Ibn Rushd, known
in the west as Averroes (the twelfth century), Immanuel Kant (the
eighteenth century), and Mohamed Abed Al-Jabri (the twentieth
century). The authors propose a few projections about the outcome
of the competition between an Islamocracy vision and what Cherkaoui
terms as a Demoslamic vision, since it implies the Islamist
movements' flexibility to reconcile their religious absolutism with
the prerequisites of liberal democracy. This book also traces the
patterns of change which point to a possible Arab Axial Age. It
ends with the trials of modernity and tradition in Tunisia and an
imaginary speech Kant would deliver at the Tunisian Parliament
after those vibrant debates of the new constitution in 2014.
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