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A separate juvenile justice system was established in the United
States in 1899 with a goal of diverting juvenile offenders from the
harsh punishments of the adult criminal court, and encouraging
rehabilitation based on the individual needs of the offender. This
new juvenile court was set up as a civil or chancery court with
informal proceedings and discretion left to the juvenile court
judge. Furthermore, juvenile court proceedings were closed to the
public and juvenile records were to remain confidential. However,
as the decades progressed juveniles became increasingly involved in
more serious crimes. This generated a growing fear among lawmakers,
educators, and the public which resulted in a number of "get tough"
policies and strategies. By the 1990s the most popular approach in
dealing with violent juvenile crime was for states to make it
easier or to require the prosecution of juveniles as adults in
criminal court. Research demonstrates that such policies may be
counter-productive, increase rather than decrease recidivism, and
cause harm to offenders, their families, and the community. This
volume provides a comprehensive historical review of knowledge
surrounding the transfer of American's youth from the
rehabilitative, individualized treatment of the juvenile justice
system to the adult criminal justice system.
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