In 1965 Erich Fromm became professor emeritus of psychoanalysis at the National Autonomous University of Mexico City. In the same year he finished his field research on the social character of the Mexican peasant village Chiconcuac. Released from his obligations at the university and free for a new project, he applied to various funding organizations for money to undertake a "Systematic Work on Humanistic Psychoanalysis," which he had decided to write in the course of the next few years. It was conceived as a work of three to four volumes that would deal with the complete range of psychoanalytic theory and practice. He intended nothing less than a dialectic revision.

Between 1974 and 1976, while working on the book "To Have Or to Be?" at his home in Locarno, Switzerland, the aged Erich Fromm wrote far more manuscript and chapters than were actually used in the book, which was published in 1976. Some of these chapters are contained in the present volume.

They deal entirely with the "steps toward being" that the individual can take in order to learn the Art of Being.

How can we realize and actualize Love, Reason, and meaningful, productive work? Fromm here offers the Art of Being, a way of living based on authentic self-awareness that comes only through honest self-analysis. Wisely, he warns of the pitfalls of our attaining enlightenment without effort, or believing that life can be lived without pain. The tantalizing "spiritual smorgasbord" offered by our consumer-oriented world, Fromm maintains, only feeds our illusions of "easy awareness."

Confronting the psycho-Gurus who preach these shortcuts to enlightenment, Fromm offers another way to self-awareness and well-being, one based on psychoanalysis and self-awareness through meditation. If the Art of Being - the art of functioning as a whole person - can be considered the supreme goal of life, a breakthrough occurs when we move from narcissistic selfishness and egotism - from having - to psychological and spiritual happiness - being.

The Art of Being will be one of the most important works in the Fromm canon for years to come.

Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is known to most readers as the author of the international bestseller The Art of Loving (1956). What may be less widely known is that Fromm was a social psychoanalyst whose psychoanalytic theories, developed around a humanistic concept of man and society, have had a profound impact on many fields and disciplines: on social life and societal organization, on politics, on religion, on psychotherapy and, last but not least, on the practice of mindfulness. Rainer Funk was Erich Fromm's last assistant. He wrote his dissertation about Fromm, was designated by Fromm's last will to be his sole literary executor, and is the editor of Fromm's writings. From his very intimate knowledge of Fromm's life and ideas, and his access to an archive that includes 6,000 letters, Funk introduces Fromm's central concepts and examines them in relation to Fromm's lived experiences and to his idea that life itself is an art. The question of "the art of living" runs through all of the chapters, from the Introduction, in which Funk describes meeting Fromm for the first time in 1972, to the last chapter, in which Funk reflects on the impact of Fromm's social-psychoanalytic writings and his efforts to live well.

Erich Fromm fought long and hard for the rights and freedoms of the individual. He also recognized that fundamental to this pursuit is the promotion of self-knowledge. In encouraging people to analyze their own behavior, Fromm identified the crucial link between psychology and ethics that underpins all our actions. Moreover, he saw in this a way out of the meaningless impasse which he regarded as the plight of the modern human race. The task that Fromm sets himself, therefore, in Man for Himself is no less than to identify "what man is, how he ought to live, and how the tremendous energies within man can be released and used productively." The resulting book is ample witness to Fromm's success. It makes for exciting, illuminating, even life-changing reading.

A Choice Outstanding Academic Title of the Year Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is known to most readers as the author of the international bestseller The Art of Loving (1956). What may be less widely known is that Fromm was a social psychoanalyst whose psychoanalytic theories, developed around a humanistic concept of man and society, have had a profound impact on many fields and disciplines: on social life and societal organization, on politics, on religion, on psychotherapy and, last but not least, on the practice of mindfulness. Rainer Funk was Erich Fromm's last assistant. He wrote his dissertation about Fromm, was designated by Fromm's last will to be his sole literary executor, and is the editor of Fromm's writings. From his very intimate knowledge of Fromm's life and ideas, and his access to an archive that includes 6,000 letters, Funk introduces Fromm's central concepts and examines them in relation to Fromm's lived experiences and to his idea that life itself is an art. The question of "the art of living" runs through all of the chapters, from the Introduction, in which Funk describes meeting Fromm for the first time in 1972, to the last chapter, in which Funk reflects on the impact of Fromm's social-psychoanalytic writings and his efforts to live well.

Erich Fromm fought long and hard for the rights and freedoms of the individual. He also recognized that fundamental to this pursuit is the promotion of self-knowledge. In encouraging people to analyze their own behavior, Fromm identified the crucial link between psychology and ethics that underpins all our actions. Moreover, he saw in this a way out of the meaningless impasse which he regarded as the plight of the modern human race. The task that Fromm sets himself, therefore, in Man for Himself is no less than to identify "what man is, how he ought to live, and how the tremendous energies within man can be released and used productively." The resulting book is ample witness to Fromm's success. It makes for exciting, illuminating, even life-changing reading.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Routledge Classics Edition -- Foreword -- I The Problem -- II Humanistic Ethics: The applied science of the art of living -- 1. Humanistic vs. Authoritarian Ethics -- 2. Subjectivistic vs. Objectivistic Ethics -- 3. The Science of Man -- 4. The Tradition of Humanistic Ethics -- 5. Ethics and Psychoanalysis -- III Human Nature and Character -- 1. The Human Situation -- A. Man’s biological weakness -- B. The existential and the historical dichotomies in man -- 2. Personality -- A. Temperament -- B. Character -- (1) The dynamic concept of character -- (2) Types of character: the nonproductive orientations -- (A) The receptive orientation -- (B) The exploitative orientation -- (C) The hoarding orientation -- (D) The marketing orientation -- (3) The productive orientation -- (A) General characteristics -- (B) Productive love and thinking -- (4) Orientations in the process of socialization -- (5) Blends of various orientations -- IV Problems of Humanistic Ethics -- 1. Selfishness, Self-Love, and Self-Interest -- 2. Conscience, Man’s Recall to Himself -- A. Authoritarian conscience -- B. Humanistic conscience -- 3. Pleasure and Happiness -- A. Pleasure as a criterion of value -- B. Types of pleasure -- C. The problem of means and ends -- 4. Faith as a Character Trait -- 5. The Moral Powers in Man -- A. Man, good or evil? -- B. Repression vs. productiveness -- C. Character and moral judgment -- 6. Absolute vs. Relative, Universal vs. Socially Immanent Ethics -- V The Moral Problem of Today -- Index.

Why is it so difficult to break away from the kind of existence that is based on having -- gluttonous, conspicuous consumption -- versus a life that is truly enlightened and satisfying? Many unconscious factors come into play when individuals, even a whole society, stray into a superficial and false way of life.

As Erich Fromm puts it in this posthumous publication, ours is "a life between having and being." The alternative states of having and being, as basic orientations of our lives and character, were subjects Fromm confronted in To Have Or To Be? and The Art of Being (both available from Continuum). The present work complements these texts with unpublished lectures, interviews, and apercus to lift us out of a life of passivity into one of creative joy.