The book deals with climate change in terms of global warming and its resultant effects on the river flows of Pakistan. Climate change has been identified as the variation in climatic factors occurringfrom causes other than the natural ones. It has been defined world over as the phenomenon ofglobal warming. The impacts of the phenomenon are varied and cover a wide range includingbiological systems, health issues and climatological systems. Out of the various facets of the issue, the focus of study is on the impacts on river flow. How river flow is affected by climate changedepends upon the sources generating the flow. For Pakistan these are snowmelt and rainfall. Theimpact of climate change on these sources defines the effect on river flow. As a result of thewarming, both these factors are being affected

This book is based on the study that was carried out to get information about the soil stabilization and modern developments used in bitumen usage. The basic aim was to provide a comprehensive literature on different techniques of soil stabilization and modern advancements in Bitumen usage. In this view detailed methods for soil stabilization are discussed .Detailed studies on Bitumen usage and their application have also been carried out and different laboratory and field tests that are required to ensure the strength and other geotechnical properties of soils using bitumen have been discussed. Also the usage related to the properties of bitumen like in buildings, hydraulic structures and pavement construction have been studied .Information regarding the uses of soil stabilization in Pakistan have also been carried out. Soil stabilization techniques are discussed in detail, which includes simple stabilization methods to newly developed concept i.e. by using admixtures. At the end, book is concluded with some conclusions derived in the light of the study and some recommendations have also been given.

Moderate to high levels of seismic hazard are present throughout the Pakistan and numerous collapsed by Oct. 8, 2005 Earthquake verified the seismic vulnerability of building type present in the country. Seismic retrofitting of existing structures is one of the most effective methods of reducing this risk. However, the seismic performance of the structure may not be improved by retrofitting or rehabilitation unless the engineer selects an appropriate intervention technique based on seismic evaluation of the structure. Current codes (BCP 2007) do not address the evaluation of seismic resistance of existing building stock, not designed in accordance with the philosophies of current seismic provisions. The primary purpose of this book is to carry seismic evaluation of buildings in the capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad and propose guidelines for Building Code of Pakistan. Owing to importance of the subject, various organizations in the earthquake threatened countries have come up with documents, which serve as guidelines for the assessment of the strength, expected performance and safety of existing buildings.

This book provides a new solid background for the design of reinforced concrete structures. The practice of using f'c as a design parameter has been successful in the past and will continue to do so since there are numbers of strength reduction and load enhancement factors incorporated in the current design codes, which are entirely based on compressive strength of concrete. As a consequence the current design practice is not only leading to a more expensive design solution but also on the other hand suggests periodic revision of the building codes, as the upper limit of the concrete's compressive strength has never been a constant. Having said that, the optimistic solution for the problem is the incorporation of fracture mechanics in the current design codes in general and more specifically concrete structures can also be designed based on the characteristic length of the concrete mix.

In this book, deep investigations have been conducted for the effects of various environmental actions namely, chloride, temperature, oxygen, carbonation and moisture on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete through extensive experimentation and modeling for the environment variables that have been overlooked in the past research. A semi-experimental-theoretical approach was adopted. The enhanced corrosion model being in close agreement with the experiment results predicts the corrosion rate and potential of steel in concrete for mass and energy transport through porous media with good accuracy and precision. Influential parameters on prediction of corrosion in RC structures involving the severe environmental loadings are experimentally determined and numerically discussed through parametric study. Appropriate parameters for material modeling of corrosion on the basis of present computational scheme are successfully identified by experimentation.

The book deals with state-of-the-art techniques available in the present time to explore rusting of steel reinforcement in concrete environment infinitesimally. The idea of the book is to grasp the concept of passive layer, its breakdown, rusting of steel and the interface between steel and concrete at the grass root level so that the original facts and figures can be understood. The books deals with the hands on experience, problems, solutions, case to case variations and limitations while using infinitesimal techniques for analyzing corrosion process in reinforced concrete structures. This is part I of the subject under consideration and will be followed by part II in the near future.

Axial load carrying capacity bored pile of a typical bridge is calculated. Different methods namely Meyerhof's, Vesic, Janbu's and AASHTO methods are used in this regard. A general purpose finite element program (STAAD Pro. software) has been used for the calculation of pier load resulting from wheel load and lane load. HS 20-44 truck loads are considered here as designed live load. The total vertical load is calculated by summing the dead load, wheel load and lane load. The soil test report prepared by Dhaka Water Development Board is used to determine the various parameters needed for calculating pile capacity. The variables considered for calculating the capacity of axially loaded pile are critical depth, loosening effect of soil, the position of ground water table and also the scour depth. Here factor of safety 4 has been used for Meyerhof's, 3 for Vesic and Janbu's method and 4 for AASHTO method. After obtaining the capacity of axially loaded pile by these methods, the adequacy of that pile has been checked by comparing with the total vertical load transmitted to the pile.

With the passage of time and advancement in technology, people headed to cities from villages in pursuit of better occupations and luxurious lifestyles. As the cities ran out of space, it became problematic to accommodate the ever- increasing population. In this time of dilemma, civil engineers rose to the occasion and faced the challenge of providing accommodation to a large number of citizens in a limited space, defiantly. Hence, the proposal of high-rise buildings was put forward. Some decades back, there were no softwares to carry out the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. With the progress of time, as computer softwares were developed, a new era of civil engineering dawned, which made it possible to analyze and design high-rise buildings. High-rise buildings are, however, susceptible to earthquakes. In addition, the effect of wind load also becomes more & more prominent with the increase in height of a structure. Therefore, precise analysis & design of such a structure should be carried out in order to avoid any future catastrophe which is the objective of writing this book.

Parallel computing is simultaneous use of multiple computing resources to solve a computing problem, to reduce the computation time. To make many processors simultaneously work on a single program, the program must be divided into smaller independent chunks so that each processor can work on separate chunks of the problem. Parallel computing is the only available method to increase the computational speed and its application is rapidly increasing in the field of scientific and engineering computations. In this book parallel computing techniques are searched, developed and tested for two types of computer hardware architectures. Results also show a great reduction in computation time. The other type of computer hardware architecture which is of main interest is Distributed Memory Processors (DMP). DSM systems require a communication network to connect inter-processor memory (ordinary computers). To parallelize programs on DMP we have to use Message Passing Interface (MPI) compilers directives. Time reduction in parallel programs can be seen over sequential programs in the results presented in this book.

Bangladesh is a tropical country and receives heavy rainfall during the rainy season. The average rainfall in the coastal region is more than 3000 mm, against an average rainfall of about 2400 mm in Bangladesh. In the coastal district, high salinity in surface and ground water and rainwater harvesting for drinking purposes is a common practice in a limited scale for a long time. In the present context of arsenic pollution of shallow ground water aquifer, rainwater harvesting is being seriously considered as an alternative option for water supply in the arsenic affected areas. There is no extensive study of the seasonal variation of harvested rainwater as well as its suitability for drinking purpose throughout the year especially during the dry period. The main objectives of this book are to investigate seasonal quality of harvested rainwater, mineral contents and people's perception of rainwater harvesting. This study was performed at Shyamnagar thana under Satkhira district, one of the coastal area of Bangladesh. Water sample was collected from nine different storages of rainwater harvesting system for field and laboratory test of the water quality parameters.

The objective of this book is to provide an experimental investigation on the properties of fiber reinforced concrete consist of natural fibres like coconut coir and also steel fibres were used for comparison in both Normal Strength Concrete (NSe and High Strength Concrete (HSe.This investigation was carried out using several tests, which included workability test, compressive strength test, indirect tensile strength test, flexural strength test. A total of ten mix batches of normal strength concrete and high strength concrete containing 0%, 0.5% and 1.0% fibre volume dosage rate on coir fibres and steel fibres were tested to determine the enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete.

In this book, seismic response and characteristics of an isolated and non-isolated building are studied using the finite element method by SAP2000. An elaborate investigation of the influence of various parameters involved in isolation is performed. In this study of isolator, types, characteristics and installation techniques in the column of building are considered and the design of rubber bearing isolator for a multi storied residential building located in Dhaka is performed.

This book aims at detailed analysis and structural design of high rise buildings with real life examples. The knowledge of the design of high building for gravity and seismic loading is highly essential for the upcoming engineers to work in actual field efficiently. The various structural analysis and design aspect for high rise buildings are taught in the undergraduate level but not in full depth. Therefore the objective of this book is to understand the analysis and design of high rise building for gravity and seismic analysis. Since the designing for gravity and seismic is usual in actual field but retrofitting of high rise building is less common but it is highly important to study. In this report retrofitting techniques are also proposed for high rise building taking into account of the gravity and seismic loads. The understanding of current softwares for design is the need of the hour especially for the design structural engineers. Therefore, ETABS was used for the analysis of gravity and for earthquake loads. The gravity analysis and design is based on ACI-99 and earthquake analysis is based on UBi97.

In this book a software has been developed especially for educational or learning purpose. This software is about "stress" which is one of the leading important phenomena in the field of civil engineering. This book is based on a software which will show the stress components in graphics as well as its transformation. Any point inside the mass or inside any structure has to face both normal and shear stresses from each of the three directions. This can be represented by a cube which has infinitesimal volume stressed from each of the three directions (both shear and normal stresses). For any given state of stresses, the cube can be rotated about any of the three axes. While rotation is applied, the value of stresses is changed in respect to the default axes. This software will find the maximum normal stresses with the direction cosines of principal planes that contain these principal stresses as well as maximum value of shear. It will also show the state of stresses while rotation is applied to the cube. The user will rotate the cube and will see how the state of stresses upon the cube are changed both graphically and algebraically

This book proposes a new concept in corrosion modeling approach which is based on the existing scientific corrosion laws and is also verified by experimentation. An enhanced simulation tool has been developed for the coupled effects of mass and energy transport through porous media of reinforced concrete using cutting edge corrosion modeling techniques. A comprehensive enhancement of finite element model for predicting the rate of steel corrosion in concrete structures under the effect of various environmental actions is developed. Deep investigations were conducted for the effects of various environmental actions namely, chloride, temperature, oxygen, carbonation and moisture on corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete through extensive experimentation and the environment variables that have been overlooked in the past research works were further explored and understood properly.

One of the great concerns in view of the durability of reinforced concrete is the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete. RC structures exposed to chloride and high temperature environments like sea, deicing salts, deserts and industrial zones suffer from accelerated corrosion of rebars. There is no doubt that the presence of chloride ions promote the disruption of the passive layer causing corrosion of reinforcement and the chloride attack becomes much more severe when coupled with high temperature. Therefore, to be able to forecast the service life of RC structures it is necessary to quantify the amount of corrosion. The chloride attack and increase in the electrochemical reaction rate of corrosion due to high temperature is an electrochemical thermodynamic phenomenon influenced by several factors and some of them are being overlooked in the past research works and have difference in opinion. Also it was found that the experimental data for the coupled effect of chloride and temperature on corrosion of reinforcement especially in the high temperature range and high chloride concentration is limited.

This book details the analysis and design of high rise buildings for gravity and seismic analysis. It provides the knowledge structural engineers need to retrofit existing structures in order to meet safety requirements and better prevent potential damage from such disasters as earthquakes and fires. Coverage includes actual case studies of existing buildings, reviews of current knowledge for damages and their mitigation, protective design technologies, and analytical and computational techniques. This monograph also provides an experimental investigation on the properties of fiber reinforced concrete that consists of natural fibres like coconut coir and also steel fibres that are used for comparison in both Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) and High Strength Concrete (HSC). In addition, the authors examine the use of various repair techniques for damaged high rise buildings. The book will help upcoming structural design engineers learn the computer aided analysis and design of real existing high rise buildings by using ACI code for application of the gravity loads, UBC- 97 for seismic analysis and retrofitting analysis by computer models. It will be of immense use to the student community, academicians, consultants and practicing professional engineers and scientists involved in the planning, design, execution, inspection and supervision for the proper retrofitting of buildings.