Sukuma tribe of Busega district together with other tribes of Tanzania depend on traditional healers and traditional medicine for treatments. The record of forty two medicinal animals in Busega represents strong evidence of the traditional use of wildlife resources in alarming rate. This generates new challenge to conservationist especially in Tanzania who was considering use of fauna on traditional medicine as a minor threat in conservation paradigm.Ethnozoological knowledge among Sukuma tribe was mainly acquired through parental heritage and experience about medicinal value of animal to heal their kin or themselves.The current study identified that, traditional healer's process and administer therapies in many different forms. They boil, grind and add to tea, porridge, milk, soup, water, or juice. Some medicines are first burned in a pot before they are ground and stored in gourds, plastic bottles, horns, paper, or plastic bags. These various processes determine the shelf life of the medicinal products.The short shelf life of medicine prepared by healers has implications for people's health and for nature conservation programs instituted by the government.

The endocrine system provides an electrochemical connection from the hypothalamus of the brain to all the organs that control the body metabolism, growth & development, and reproduction. It is important for the survival of all living things. Without a mechanism for reproduction, life would come to an end. Human reproduction is a form of sexual reproduction resulting in the conception of a child, typically involving sexual intercourse between man and woman. During intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm, which after a gestation period is followed by childbirth. Many teachers are afraid of discussing reproduction and endocrinology, but if presented as a factual lesson it is easy for the students to understand the principles without the standard giggles.Our goal for writing these lecture notes is to help future biologists to gain a basic understanding of reproduction and endocrinology so that they can handle the subject as per their need. However, these lecture notes are written in a very simple and lucid form and it may also a comprehensive guide.

HARYANA is known to be the granary of India. In an effort to bring about the green revolution the scientists have evolved numerous varieties of wheat coupled with the use of chemical fertilizers, rotation of crops and the controls of food grains pests. The indiscriminate use of pesticides has raised many eye-brows.The recent resurvey of the Ganga and its tributary Yamuna has shown that its pollution has led to the disappearance of some fishes. It is, therefore, essential that periodic surveys should be undertaken so that the species are not lost to science. The importance of Mahaseer is well known to the anglers in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and. Haryana and the recent reports of its fall due to the erection of dams and pollution effecting directly or in-directly its spawning areas are alarming to fish lovers. The use of illegal methods such as use of explosives should be strictly prohibited. The close season and regulation of mesh size should equally be enforced.It is hoped that this scrutiny will be useful in establishing and highlights the variety of fish fauna in the 'State of HARYANA', and the later shall be able to supplement and contribute its share of food stuffs."

The neural tube defects observed during the present investigation revealed a spectrum of congenital abnormalities such as spina bifida, meningocele, meningomyelocele, lipomeningocele and encephalocele with variable clinical and morphological presentations. The epidemiological factors like maternal age, abortion (induced or spontaneous), parity, nutrition, occupation, habitation, smoking/alcoholic, medication and sex of the proband have been analyzed. Biochemically, the variations in the blood serum protein fractions of proband and their mothers were investigated. Variations in the concentrations of trace elements viz. Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Se in blood, cell mass and serum of both mother and proband were estimated. The data collected on different epidemiological and biochemical factors have been statistically analyzed. The information generated in this study has been discussed with special emphasis on diagnostics and screening of neural tube defects.

With the enormous volume of research that finds its place in literature every year, it becomes very difficult to select the meaningful and to present it in a comprehensive manner which required constant examination of the data. In the present manual all the experiments have been written in the light of recent knowledge. Much emphasis has been given on the the drawings pertaining to their clarity. All the specimens and slides have been kept together and related experiments has also been grouped together. This self contained text offers indepth discussion on the theoretical and practical aspects of laboratory experimentation. Some of the salient features of this manual are that every efforts has been made to make the description point wise and very minute details of each experiment have been thoroughly explained at proper places. Authors are thankful to the teacher fellows and students for sending their opinions, suggestions and criticism. We sincerely hope that the present manual will be more helpful for the students in their practical classes. Students comments for further improvement of the manual are always welcome.