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Sukuma tribe of Busega district together with other tribes of
Tanzania depend on traditional healers and traditional medicine for
treatments. The record of forty two medicinal animals in Busega
represents strong evidence of the traditional use of wildlife
resources in alarming rate. This generates new challenge to
conservationist especially in Tanzania who was considering use of
fauna on traditional medicine as a minor threat in conservation
paradigm.Ethnozoological knowledge among Sukuma tribe was mainly
acquired through parental heritage and experience about medicinal
value of animal to heal their kin or themselves.The current study
identified that, traditional healer's process and administer
therapies in many different forms. They boil, grind and add to tea,
porridge, milk, soup, water, or juice. Some medicines are first
burned in a pot before they are ground and stored in gourds,
plastic bottles, horns, paper, or plastic bags. These various
processes determine the shelf life of the medicinal products.The
short shelf life of medicine prepared by healers has implications
for people's health and for nature conservation programs instituted
by the government.
The endocrine system provides an electrochemical connection from
the hypothalamus of the brain to all the organs that control the
body metabolism, growth & development, and reproduction. It is
important for the survival of all living things. Without a
mechanism for reproduction, life would come to an end. Human
reproduction is a form of sexual reproduction resulting in the
conception of a child, typically involving sexual intercourse
between man and woman. During intercourse, the interaction between
the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization
of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm, which after a gestation
period is followed by childbirth. Many teachers are afraid of
discussing reproduction and endocrinology, but if presented as a
factual lesson it is easy for the students to understand the
principles without the standard giggles.Our goal for writing these
lecture notes is to help future biologists to gain a basic
understanding of reproduction and endocrinology so that they can
handle the subject as per their need. However, these lecture notes
are written in a very simple and lucid form and it may also a
comprehensive guide.
HARYANA is known to be the granary of India. In an effort to bring
about the green revolution the scientists have evolved numerous
varieties of wheat coupled with the use of chemical fertilizers,
rotation of crops and the controls of food grains pests. The
indiscriminate use of pesticides has raised many eye-brows.The
recent resurvey of the Ganga and its tributary Yamuna has shown
that its pollution has led to the disappearance of some fishes. It
is, therefore, essential that periodic surveys should be undertaken
so that the species are not lost to science. The importance of
Mahaseer is well known to the anglers in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab
and. Haryana and the recent reports of its fall due to the erection
of dams and pollution effecting directly or in-directly its
spawning areas are alarming to fish lovers. The use of illegal
methods such as use of explosives should be strictly prohibited.
The close season and regulation of mesh size should equally be
enforced.It is hoped that this scrutiny will be useful in
establishing and highlights the variety of fish fauna in the 'State
of HARYANA', and the later shall be able to supplement and
contribute its share of food stuffs."
The neural tube defects observed during the present investigation
revealed a spectrum of congenital abnormalities such as spina
bifida, meningocele, meningomyelocele, lipomeningocele and
encephalocele with variable clinical and morphological
presentations. The epidemiological factors like maternal age,
abortion (induced or spontaneous), parity, nutrition, occupation,
habitation, smoking/alcoholic, medication and sex of the proband
have been analyzed. Biochemically, the variations in the blood
serum protein fractions of proband and their mothers were
investigated. Variations in the concentrations of trace elements
viz. Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Se in blood, cell mass and serum of both
mother and proband were estimated. The data collected on different
epidemiological and biochemical factors have been statistically
analyzed. The information generated in this study has been
discussed with special emphasis on diagnostics and screening of
neural tube defects.
With the enormous volume of research that finds its place in
literature every year, it becomes very difficult to select the
meaningful and to present it in a comprehensive manner which
required constant examination of the data. In the present manual
all the experiments have been written in the light of recent
knowledge. Much emphasis has been given on the the drawings
pertaining to their clarity. All the specimens and slides have been
kept together and related experiments has also been grouped
together. This self contained text offers indepth discussion on the
theoretical and practical aspects of laboratory experimentation.
Some of the salient features of this manual are that every efforts
has been made to make the description point wise and very minute
details of each experiment have been thoroughly explained at proper
places. Authors are thankful to the teacher fellows and students
for sending their opinions, suggestions and criticism. We sincerely
hope that the present manual will be more helpful for the students
in their practical classes. Students comments for further
improvement of the manual are always welcome.
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