This book presents interdisciplinary research in the science of Human Cognition through mathematical and computational modeling and simulation. Featuring new approaches developed by leading experts in the field of cognitive science, it highlights the relevance and depth of this important area of social sciences and its expanding reach into the biological, physical, computational and mathematical sciences. This contributed volume gathered the latest developments as well as state-of-the art applications of cognitive modeling with a genuine multidisciplinary approach to thinking, memory and decision-making simulations. Topics include the Agent-based Modeling in psychological Research, the Nyayasutra proof pattern, Pheromone Trail Algorithm to model Analog Memory, Social Laser Theory and applications, the challenges of probabilistic learning for models of brain and behavior, Physicalistic perspective for the emergence of cognition and computation, an analysis of the conjunction fallacy as a fact, quantum modeling and causality in physics and beyond, compositional vector semantics in spiking neural networks, Optimality, Prototypes and Bilingualism,  the dimensionality of color perception. Given its scope and approach, the book will benefit researchers and students of computational social sciences, mathematics and its applications, quantum physics.