Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems presents an enhanced decision-making framework for power systems. Designed as an introduction to enhanced electricity system analysis using decision-making tools, it provides an overview of the different elements, levels and actors involved within an integrated framework for decision-making in the power sector. In addition, it presents a state-of-play on current energy systems, strategies, alternatives, viewpoints and priorities in support of decision-making in the electric power sector, including discussions of energy storage and smart grids. As a practical training guide on theoretical developments and the application of advanced methods for practical electrical energy engineering problems, this reference is ideal for use in establishing medium-term and long-term strategic plans for the electric power and energy sectors.

Electric Power Systems Resiliency: Modelling, Opportunity and Challenges considers current strengths and weaknesses of various applications and provides engineers with different dimensions of flexible applications to illustrate their use in the solution of power system improvement. Detailing advanced methodologies to improve resiliency and describing resilient-oriented power system protection and control techniques, this reference offers a deep study on the electrical power system through the lens of resiliency that ultimately provides a flexible framework for cost-benefit analysis to improve power system durability. Aimed at researchers exploring the significance of smart monitoring, protecting and controlling of power systems, this book is useful for those working in the domain of power system control and protection (PSOP).

This book features extensive coverage of all Distributed Energy Generation technologies, highlighting the technical, environmental and economic aspects of distributed resource integration, such as line loss reduction, protection, control, storage, power electronics, reliability improvement, and voltage profile optimization. It explains how electric power system planners, developers, operators, designers, regulators and policy makers can derive many benefits with increased penetration of distributed generation units into smart distribution networks. It further demonstrates how to best realize these benefits via skillful integration of distributed energy sources, based upon an understanding of the characteristics of loads and network configuration.

Thermal Power Plants: Modeling, Control, and Efficiency Improvement explains how to solve highly complex industry problems regarding identification, control, and optimization through integrating conventional technologies, such as modern control technology, computational intelligence-based multiobjective identification and optimization, distributed computing, and cloud computing with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. Introducing innovative methods utilized in industrial applications, explored in scientific research, and taught at leading academic universities, this book: Discusses thermal power plant processes and process modeling, energy conservation, performance audits, efficiency improvement modeling, and efficiency optimization supported by high-performance computing integrated with cloud computing Shows how to simulate fossil fuel power plant real-time processes, including boiler, turbine, and generator systems Provides downloadable source codes for use in CORBA C++, MATLAB (R), Simulink (R), VisSim, Comsol, ANSYS, and ANSYS Fluent modeling software Although the projects in the text focus on industry automation in electrical power engineering, the methods can be applied in other industries, such as concrete and steel production for real-time process identification, control, and optimization.

Concern for reliable power supply and energy-efficient system design has led to usage of power electronics-based systems, including efficient electric power conversion and power semiconductor devices. This book provides integration of complete fundamental theory, design, simulation and application of power electronics, and drives covering up-to-date subject components. It contains twenty-one chapters arranged in four sections on power semiconductor devices, basic power electronic converters, advanced power electronics converters, power supplies, electrical drives and advanced applications. Aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering and power electronics including related professionals, this book * Includes electrical drives such as DC motor, AC motor, special motor, high performance motor drives, solar, electrical/hybrid vehicle and fuel cell drives * Reviews advances in renewable energy technologies (wind, PV, hybrid power systems) and their integration * Explores topics like distributed generation, microgrid, and wireless power transfer system * Includes simulation examples using MATLAB (R)/Simulink and over four hundred solved, unsolved and review problems

With distributed generation interconnection power flow becoming bidirectional, culminating in network problems, smart grids aid in electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe (protected), secure, reliable, efficient, and sustainable. This book illustrates fault analysis, fuses, circuit breakers, instrument transformers, relay technology, transmission lines protection setting using DIGsILENT Power Factory. Intended audience is senior undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in power systems, transmission and distribution, protection system broadly under electrical engineering.

Table of Contents

Section I Faults Analysis and Power System Protection Devices

1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective

[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]

2. Fault Analysis

[Patrick T. Manditereza]

3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers

[Abhishek Chauhan, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]

4. Instrument Transformers

[Rajiv Singh and Asheesh Kumar Singh]

5. Protective Relaying System

[Senthil Krishnamurthy]

Section II Transmission Line Protection

6. Medium Voltage Phase Overcurrent Feeder Protection

[Martin J. Slabbert, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]

7. Bus-Bar Protection

[Arvind R. Singh, Ranjay Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]

8. Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines

[Senthil Krishnamurthy]

9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices

[K. A. Nzeba, J. J. Justo, Aishwarya Biju, and Ramesh Bansal]

Section III Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation and Control; Overvoltage and Lightening Protection

10. Transformer Protection

[Patrick T. Manditereza]

11. Generator Protection System

[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]

12. Induction Motor Protection

[N. T. Mbungu, Ramesh Bansal, Raj Naidoo, and D. H. Tungadio]

13. Substation Automation and Control

[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]

14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection

[N. T. Mbungu, J. J. Justo, and Ramesh Bansal]

Section IV Power Quality Issues, Reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection

15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection

[Abhishek Chauhan, J. J. Justo, T. Adefarati, and Ramesh Bansal]

16. Reliability Assessment of the Distribution System in the Presence of Protective Devices

[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]

17. Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control

[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]

18. Protection of Renewable Distributed Generation System

[Rishabh Dev Shukla, Ramesh K. Tripathi, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]

　

1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Major functions of a smart grid system

1.3 Features of the smart grid

1.4 Smart grid technologies

1.5 Sensing and measurement

1.6 Smart meter

1.7 Phasor measurement unit

1.8 Distribution energy resources

1.9 Peak load management

1.10 Smart grid automation

1.11 Grid code

1.12 Protection system in the smart grid

1.13 Importance of protection in the smart grid

1.14 Challenges of protective devices in the smart grid

1.15 Tutorial Problems

1.16 Conclusion

References

2. Fault analysis

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Per Unit System – A review

2.3 Synchronous machine reactances

2.4 Effect of large motors on fault level

2.5 Network reduction technique for balanced fault calculation

2.6 Methods of reducing fault levels

2.7 Bus impedance matrix method of fault calculation

2.8 Symmetrical components

2.9 Unsymmetrical Faults

2.10 The bus impedance matrix in unbalanced fault calculation

2.11 Computer simulations

2.12 Tutorial Problems

2.13 Conclusion

References

3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fuses

3.3 Circuit breakers

3.4 Tutorial Problems

3.5. Conclusion

References

　

4. Instrument Transformers

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Shunts and Multipliers for Range Extension

4.3 Limitations of shunts and multipliers in range extension

4.4 Merits of ITs

4.5 Technical Performance Parameters of ITs

4.6. Current Transformers

4.7 Potential Transformers

4.8 Tutorial Problems

4.9 Conclusion

References

5. Protective Relaying System

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Over current relays and characteristics

5.3 Differential relaysand their characteristics

5.4 Solved problems on protective relaying system

5.5 Conclusion

References

Section II: Transmission line protection

6. Medium Voltage phase Over current feeder protection

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Protection philosophy

6.3 MV network layout and components

6.4 Protection elements and functions

6.5 Let-through energy

6.6 Grading

6.7 Settings example (top-down method)

6.8 Interconnected network strategy

6.9 Adaptive Protection requirement

6.10 Worked examples

6.11 Tutorial Problems

6.12 Conclusion

References

7. Bus Protection

7.1 General considerations of bus protection

7.2 Typical bus-bar arrangements

7.3 Bus faults

7.4 Bus protection requirements

7.5 Bus protection

7.6 CTs for differential protection

7.7 Bus differential protection

7.8 Bus bar differential protection with high impedance

7.9 Percentage restrained differential relay

7.10 Percentage differential bus bar protection technique numerical example

7.11 Partial Differential Protection

7.12 Directional Comparison Bus Protection

7.13 Tutorial Questions

7.14 Conclusion

References

8 Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Distance relays and characteristics

8.3 Communication assisted protection schemes

8.4 Distance protection setting on DigSilent Power Factory simulation tool

8.5 Distance protection setting on numerical relay

8.6 Solved problems on distance protective relaying system

8.7 Conclusion

References

　

9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Principle of operation of reactors, SVC and STATCOM

9.3 Principles of Protection Strategies

9.4 Tutorial Problems

9.5 Conclusion

References

　

Section III: Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation & Control; Overvoltage & Lightening Protection

10 Transformer Protection

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Origins of transformer faults

10.3 Magnetising inrush

10.4 Overcurrent Protection

10.5 Earth fault protection

10.6 Differential protection

10.7 Differential protection types

10.8 Restricted earth fault (REF) protection

10.9 Transformer differential protection

10.10 Combined differential and REF protection

10.11 Differential protection application with an earthing transformer

10.12 Buchholz protection

10.13 Transformer winding temperature

10.14 Pressure release valve

10.15 Tutorial Problems

10.16 Conclusion

References

11 Generator Protection

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Generator protection functions

11.3 Generator stator protection

11.4 Rotor protection

11.5 Protection for other systems

11.6 Conclusion

11.7 Tutorial Problems

References

12 Induction Motor Protection

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Induction Motor Analysis

12.3 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor

12.4 Overload/thermal protection

12.5 Start/stall protection

12.6 Short-circuit protection,

12.7 Earth fault protection,

12.8 Negative phase sequence protection

12.9 Protection of rotor windings

12.10 Under voltage/overvoltage protection, loss-of-load, protection

12.11 Motor protection solved and unsolved examples

12.12 Conclusion

13 Substation Automation & Control

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Substation Automation and Control using the IEC 61850 Standard

13.3. Communication Networks

13.4. Wide Area Data Exchange

13.5. System Engineering

13.6. Testing

13.7. Cyber Security

13.8. IEC 61850 Use Cases

13.9 Tutorial Problems

13.10 Conclusion

References

14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Overvoltage

14.3 Insulation co-ordination,

14.4 Overvoltages Protection

14.5 Grounding system

14.6 Solved Problems

14.7 Tutorial Problems

14.8 Conclusion

References

　

Section IV: Power quality issues, reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection

15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection

15.1 Power Quality

15.2 Need of Power Quality Assessment

15.3 Evaluation of Power Quality

15.4 Frequency Variation as Power Quality Issue

15.5 Unbalance Voltage as Power Quality Issue

15.6 Harmonics

15.7 Solved Problems

15.8 Tutorial Problems

15.9 Conclusion

References

16. Reliability aspects of Power System Protection

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Distribution power system

16.3 Protection system

16.4 Protective devices in the distribution power system

16.5 Power interruption

16.6 Reliability

16.7 Reliability indices

16.8 Concept of reliability

16.9 Reliability indices of the distribution system

16.10 Objective function

16.11 Results and discussions

16.12 Tutorial Problems

16. 13 Conclusion

References

17 Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Synchrophasor Technology

17.3 System Planning and Functional Requirements

17.4 Real-Time Wide Area Monitoring Systems

17.5 Wide Area Protection and Control Schemes (System Integrity Protection Scheme)

17.6 Cyber Security in Synchrophasor-Based Systems

17.7 Example of a Cyber-Security Attack

17.8 Tutorial Problems

17.9 Conclusion

References

　

18. The impact of DG penetration on protection & current protection practices

18.1 The impact of RDG/DG penetration on protection & Current protection practices

18.2 Factors affecting RDGs/DGs Protection

18.3 Protection with islanding operation (Anti-islanding)

18.4 Protection of Microgrids

18.5 Protection of Wind Energy Generation Systems

18.6 Protection of PV systems

18.7 Protection aspects for the future distribution network/system

18.9 Tutorial Problems

18.9 Conclusion

References

Thermal Power Plants: Modeling, Control, and Efficiency Improvement explains how to solve highly complex industry problems regarding identification, control, and optimization through integrating conventional technologies, such as modern control technology, computational intelligence-based multiobjective identification and optimization, distributed computing, and cloud computing with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. Introducing innovative methods utilized in industrial applications, explored in scientific research, and taught at leading academic universities, this book: Discusses thermal power plant processes and process modeling, energy conservation, performance audits, efficiency improvement modeling, and efficiency optimization supported by high-performance computing integrated with cloud computing Shows how to simulate fossil fuel power plant real-time processes, including boiler, turbine, and generator systems Provides downloadable source codes for use in CORBA C++, MATLAB (R), Simulink (R), VisSim, Comsol, ANSYS, and ANSYS Fluent modeling software Although the projects in the text focus on industry automation in electrical power engineering, the methods can be applied in other industries, such as concrete and steel production for real-time process identification, control, and optimization.

This book features extensive coverage of all Distributed Energy Generation technologies, highlighting the technical, environmental and economic aspects of distributed resource integration, such as line loss reduction, protection, control, storage, power electronics, reliability improvement, and voltage profile optimization. It explains how electric power system planners, developers, operators, designers, regulators and policy makers can derive many benefits with increased penetration of distributed generation units into smart distribution networks. It further demonstrates how to best realize these benefits via skillful integration of distributed energy sources, based upon an understanding of the characteristics of loads and network configuration.