This book analyses the root causes of suicide terrorism at both the elite and rank-and- file levels of the Hamas and also explains why this tactic has disappeared in the post-2006 period. This volume adopts a multi-causal, multi-level approach to analyse the use of suicide bombings by Hamas and its individual operatives in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It uses extensive fieldwork and on-the-ground interviews in order to delve beneath the surface and understand why and how suicide operations were adopted as a sustained mechanism of engagement within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Three core factors fuelled Hamas's suicide bombing campaigns. First, Palestinian suicide operations are a complex combination of instrumental and expressive violence adopted by both organisations and individuals to achieve political and/or societal survival, retaliation and competition. In other words, suicide bombings not only serve distinct political and strategic goals for both Hamas and its operatives but they also serve to convey a symbolic message to various audiences, within Israel, the Palestinian territories and around the world. Second, suicide operations perform a crucial role in the formation and consolidation of Palestinian national identity and are also the latest manifestation of the historically entrenched cultural norm of militant heroic martyrdom. Finally, Hamas's use of political Islam also facilitates the articulation, justification and legitimisation of suicide operations as a modern-day jihad against Israel through the means of modern interpretations and fatwas. This approach not only facilitates a much needed, multifaceted, holistic understanding of suicide bombings in this particular region but also yields policy-relevant lessons to address extreme political violence in other parts of the world. This book will be of much interest to students of Hamas, terrorism, Middle East politics and security studies.

This book analyses the root causes of suicide terrorism at both the elite and rank-and- file levels of the Hamas and also explains why this tactic has disappeared in the post-2006 period. This volume adopts a multi-causal, multi-level approach to analyse the use of suicide bombings by Hamas and its individual operatives in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It uses extensive fieldwork and on-the-ground interviews in order to delve beneath the surface and understand why and how suicide operations were adopted as a sustained mechanism of engagement within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Three core factors fuelled Hamas's suicide bombing campaigns. First, Palestinian suicide operations are a complex combination of instrumental and expressive violence adopted by both organisations and individuals to achieve political and/or societal survival, retaliation and competition. In other words, suicide bombings not only serve distinct political and strategic goals for both Hamas and its operatives but they also serve to convey a symbolic message to various audiences, within Israel, the Palestinian territories and around the world. Second, suicide operations perform a crucial role in the formation and consolidation of Palestinian national identity and are also the latest manifestation of the historically entrenched cultural norm of militant heroic martyrdom. Finally, Hamas's use of political Islam also facilitates the articulation, justification and legitimisation of suicide operations as a modern-day jihad against Israel through the means of modern interpretations and fatwas. This approach not only facilitates a much needed, multifaceted, holistic understanding of suicide bombings in this particular region but also yields policy-relevant lessons to address extreme political violence in other parts of the world. This book will be of much interest to students of Hamas, terrorism, Middle East politics and security studies.

Biodiversity of wetlands plants constitute an integral component of any aquatic/semi-aquatic ecosystem. They not only provide shelter but also serve as a source of food. Some of them may be Some weeds are a nuisance because they have thorns or prickles, have some chemicals that cause skin irritation or are hazardous if eaten. The rich and fascinating biomass in wetland constitutes a resource of great economic, cultural, ecological and several other significant values to human life. Numbers of plants of wetland are economically useful in providing medicinal and aesthetical values and may serve as good source of fertilizer. Grangea maderaspatana is wildly grown in semi aquatic land and categorized as weed. It is widely distributed in the ponds, lake and river banks. Recently, it has attracted the attentions of natural product chemists. Numbers of its folklore claims are reported. The scientific validation is still lacking. It is part of several herbal formulations used for wide range of therapeutic purposes. This work is of fundamental importance for the persons interested to explore ethano-pharmacological studies on this plant.

In Dynamic Random Access Memory, every cell experiences leakage current which consumes part of the stored charge. As the DRAM cell size is shrinking, the leakage is increasing. To maintain the desired data retention time, the leakage current must be kept within the acceptable limit. So, leakage reduction in memories is a topic of great challenge and interest in researchers. This book presents the analysis and design of a DRAM cell for low leakage. For the analysis, trench capacitor DRAM cell has been considered. For the design of trench capacitor DRAM cell, 0.18 m submicron nMOSFET as access transistor and the conventional trench capacitor as storage device have been considered. Various DRAM cell structures, leakage mechanisms in a DRAM cell and process-level techniques for leakage reduction have been reviewed. Process simulation and device simulation of DRAM cell have been done using the ATHENA/ATLAS packages of SILVACO. This book will help the beginners as the book reviews the previous work done by many researchers and provides the trends in DRAM cell designs, theoretical knowledge of leakage mechanisms in DRAM cell and process/device simulation of DRAM cell."