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Muscle contraction has been the focus of scientific investigation
for more than two centuries, and major discoveries have changed the
field over the years. Early in the twentieth century, Fenn (1924,
1923) showed that the total energy liberated during a contraction
(heat + work) was increased when the muscle was allowed to shorten
and perform work. The result implied that chemical reactions during
contractions were load-dependent. The observation underlying the
"Fenn effect" was taken to a greater extent when Hill (1938)
published a pivotal study showing in details the relation between
heat production and the amount of muscle shortening, providing
investigators with the force-velocity relation for skeletal
muscles. Subsequently, two papers paved the way for the current
paradigm in the field of muscle contraction. Huxley and Niedergerke
(1954), and Huxley and Hanson (1954) showed that the width of the
A-bands did not change during muscle stretch or activation.
Contraction, previously believed to be caused by shortening of
muscle filaments, was associated with sliding of the thick and thin
filaments. These studies were followed by the classic paper by
Huxley (1957), in which he conceptualized for the first time the
cross-bridge theory; filament sliding was driven by the cyclical
interactions of myosin heads (cross-bridges) with actin. The
original cross-bridge theory has been revised over the years but
the basic features have remained mostly intact. It now influences
studies performed with molecular motors responsible for tasks as
diverse as muscle contraction, cell division and vesicle transport.
Muscle contraction has been the focus of scientific investigation
for more than two centuries, and major discoveries have changed the
field over the years. Early in the twentieth century, Fenn (1924,
1923) showed that the total energy liberated during a contraction
(heat + work) was increased when the muscle was allowed to shorten
and perform work. The result implied that chemical reactions during
contractions were load-dependent. The observation underlying the
"Fenn effect" was taken to a greater extent when Hill (1938)
published a pivotal study showing in details the relation between
heat production and the amount of muscle shortening, providing
investigators with the force-velocity relation for skeletal
muscles. Subsequently, two papers paved the way for the current
paradigm in the field of muscle contraction. Huxley and Niedergerke
(1954), and Huxley and Hanson (1954) showed that the width of the
A-bands did not change during muscle stretch or activation.
Contraction, previously believed to be caused by shortening of
muscle filaments, was associated with sliding of the thick and thin
filaments. These studies were followed by the classic paper by
Huxley (1957), in which he conceptualized for the first time the
cross-bridge theory; filament sliding was driven by the cyclical
interactions of myosin heads (cross-bridges) with actin. The
original cross-bridge theory has been revised over the years but
the basic features have remained mostly intact. It now influences
studies performed with molecular motors responsible for tasks as
diverse as muscle contraction, cell division and vesicle transport.
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