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Gastrulation is a fundamental process of early embryonic
development. It involves virtually every aspect of cell and
developmental biology and results in the formation of fundamental
structural elements around which a developing animal's body plan is
organized. As such it is not only an important process, but also
one that is complicated and not easily dissected into its component
parts. To understand the mechanisms of gastrulation one must
acknowledge that gastrulation is fundamentally a biomechanical
process (that is, a problem of cells generating forces in a three
dimensional array, patterned in space and time such that
appropriate tissue movements are executed). Three intertwined
questions emerge: what cell activities generate forces, how are
these cell activities patterned in space and time, and how are the
resulting forces harnessed in three dimensional domains? To address
these issues it is important to define and characterize regional
cell behaviors and to learn how they are patterned in the egg and/
or by subsequent cell and tissue interactions. At the biochemical
level, what are the cellular and extracellular molecules that
control cell behavior? Finally, how are specific patterns of
cellular activity integrated to produce tissue behavior? The task
of answering the above questions, an immense task in itself, is
compounded by the fact that the morphogenetic movements of
gastrulation and their underlying mechanisms vary between different
organisms.
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