The exploitation of natural resources in Africa represents a major challenge. The African continent, which remains largely unexplored, contains a large part of the world's natural resources. The current context, characterised by a fluctuation of commodity prices, does not reduce the growing interest in Africa and its extractive sector. Oil, Gas and Mining Law in Africa analyses the mining and petroleum laws in African countries and includes an assessment of contractual aspects applicable to oil, gas and mining operations. The innovative interest of this book is to provide a detailed and up-to-date analysis of mining and petroleum laws applicable to the upstream sector in Africa. It focuses on all the mining and petroleum laws and especially those recently enacted in a constantly changing environment.

Brain, Mind, and Developmental Psychopathology in Childhood, part of the International Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions' book series "Working with Children & Adolescents" edited by Elena Garralda and Jean-Philippe Raynaud, aims to help advance knowledge on the connections between brain, mind, and development psychopathology in children and young people, an area of high relevance across different contexts around the world. It outlines brain mechanisms underlying children's ability to regulate behavior, emotions, interactions with others, responses to stress, and child psychiatric disorders. The book contains expert views supported by empirical evidence, and there is an emphasis on drawing out the clinical implications. It brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines on bodily and brain processes that underlie developmental and psychiatric disorders in children and young people. Chapters include conceptual and empirical discussion of the biological and psychological influences on developmental psychopathology in childhood, clinical updates focusing on the biological underpinnings of individual child neuropsychiatric disorders as well as integrating biological and psychological therapies in child mental health. The book also discusses broader psychological/social problems, with chapters on the effects of child maltreatment in the developing brain, an update on understanding and management of self-harm, and advocacy papers on learning disorders and child and adolescent mental health.

Brain, Mind, and Developmental Psychopathology in Childhood, part of the International Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions' book series "Working with Children & Adolescents" edited by Elena Garralda and Jean-Philippe Raynaud, aims to help advance knowledge on the connections between brain, mind, and development psychopathology in children and young people, an area of high relevance across different contexts around the world. It outlines brain mechanisms underlying children's ability to regulate behavior, emotions, interactions with others, responses to stress, and child psychiatric disorders. The book contains expert views supported by empirical evidence, and there is an emphasis on drawing out the clinical implications. It brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines on bodily and brain processes that underlie developmental and psychiatric disorders in children and young people. Chapters include conceptual and empirical discussion of the biological and psychological influences on developmental psychopathology in childhood, clinical updates focusing on the biological underpinnings of individual child neuropsychiatric disorders as well as integrating biological and psychological therapies in child mental health. The book also discusses broader psychological/social problems, with chapters on the effects of child maltreatment in the developing brain, an update on understanding and management of self-harm, and advocacy papers on learning disorders and child and adolescent mental health.

From Research to Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health has been shaped to reflect the mental health needs of children and adolescents in low and middle income countries of the world. It also includes chapters on topics based on research and practice in high income countries which may have lessons and implications universally. The first section of the book takes a child and adolescent mental health services perspective encompassing epidemiology, mental health needs, and selected policy issues. The second section provides summaries of research findings into the mechanisms for problems frequently encountered in child and adolescent psychiatric practice: schizophrenia, mood disorders, and sleep problems. The third and last section is about interventions and practice. It describes the treatment gap between low and middle income countries in relation to child and adolescent mental health and shows how professionals or lay people may be trained to effectively deliver interventions. This monograph has been produced for the 21st congress of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (IACAPAP) to be held in Durban, South Africa, in 2014. This is the first congress of IACAPAP in Africa, and it takes place at an appropriate time in view of the continent's burgeoning child population, significant economic growth and wish to improve the populations' health.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

In this volume, Elena Garralda and Jean-Philippe Raynaud aim to contribute to advancing awareness of child and adolescent mental health within an international framework that gives special consideration to problems arising in different contexts around the world and through expert views supported by empirical evidence and considering clinical implications. There is increasing recognition worldwide of the importance of child and adolescent mental health problems, of the distress and impairment they can cause to children and their families, and of the markedly adverse effects on education and on adult psychiatric adjustment when left untreated. Globally, however, services to attend to these problems in children are uneven and patchy. There is a need to advance awareness of child and adolescent mental health and of factors that influence them. Chapters address the effects on child mental health of issues ranging from secular changes in family composition in both western and eastern countries, rapid industrialization, poverty, deprivation, and adoption, to refugee status and aboriginal life. It considers emerging issues, such as cyber addiction, PTSD, ADHD across different cultures, and the autistic "epidemic." They discuss new service developments (Eastern Europe, paediatric liaison services) in the context of traditional methods (traditional Chinese medicine).

In this volume, Elena Garralda and Jean-Philippe Raynaud aim to contribute to advancing awareness of child and adolescent mental health within an international framework that gives special consideration to problems arising in different contexts around the world and through expert views supported by empirical evidence and considering clinical implications. There is increasing recognition worldwide of the importance of child and adolescent mental health problems, of the distress and impairment they can cause to children and their families, and of the markedly adverse effects on education and on adult psychiatric adjustment when left untreated. Globally, however, services to attend to these problems in children are uneven and patchy. There is a need to advance awareness of child and adolescent mental health and of factors that influence them. Chapters address the effects on child mental health of issues ranging from secular changes in family composition in both western and eastern countries, rapid industrialization, poverty, deprivation, and adoption, to refugee status and aboriginal life. It considers emerging issues, such as cyber addiction, PTSD, ADHD across different cultures, and the autistic 'epidemic.' They discuss new service developments (Eastern Europe, paediatric liaison services) in the context of traditional methods (traditional Chinese medicine).

This volume, part of the International Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions' book series 'Working with Children & Adolescents,' aims to bring up-to-date empirically derived knowledge on transcultural themes as they affect child and adolescent mental adjustment, to assist those seeking to understand and ameliorate the mental health problems of children and young people. The contributors represent expert views supported by empirical and clinical experiences. They address first general transcultural issues of relevance for child mental health (i.e. political turmoil, the effects of stigma, anthropological considerations, international adoptions, and the adjustment of specific immigrant groups); secondly, cultural aspects of specific child and adolescent mental health disorders. Thirdly, it covers the training of professionals in transcultural child psychiatry and setting up temporary interventions in war and conflict areas.

This volume, part of the International Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions' book series 'Working with Children & Adolescents,' aims to bring up-to-date empirically derived knowledge on transcultural themes as they affect child and adolescent mental adjustment, to assist those seeking to understand and ameliorate the mental health problems of children and young people. The contributors represent expert views supported by empirical and clinical experiences. They address first general transcultural issues of relevance for child mental health (i.e. political turmoil, the effects of stigma, anthropological considerations, international adoptions, and the adjustment of specific immigrant groups); secondly, cultural aspects of specific child and adolescent mental health disorders. Thirdly, it covers the training of professionals in transcultural child psychiatry and setting up temporary interventions in war and conflict areas.

This collection of essays by prominent American and French scholars explores the political, cultural, and social implications of the most fundamentally formative modern event, the French Revolution. The contributors contend that the vocabulary and spirit of the French Revolution has exercised greater influence on the modern world than the more moderate and by all appearances more successful American Revolution. The Legacy of the French Revolution delineates the distinctive characters of the American and French revolutions and analyzes the different variants of democratic political traditions that have evolved from this seminal event. This book will be of particular interest to political theorists, political historians, and students of democratic theory.

In Scientific Controversies, Dominque Raynaud shows how organized debates in the sciences help us establish or verify our knowledge of the world. If debates focus on form, scientific controversies are akin to public debates that can be understood within the framework of theories of conflict. If they focus on content, then such controversies have to do with a specific activity and address the nature of science itself. Understanding the major focus of a scientific controversy is a first step toward understanding these debates and assessing their merits. Controversies of unique socio-historic context, disciplines, and characteristics are examined: Pasteur's germ theory and Pouchet's theory of spontaneous generation; vitalism advocated at Montpellier versus experimental medicine in Paris; the science of optics about the propagation of visual rays; the origins of relativism (the Duhem-Quine problem). Touching on the work of Boudon, Popper, and others, Raynaud puts forward an incrementalist theory about the advancement of science through scientific controversies. The debates Raynaud has selected share in common their pivotal importance to the history of the sciences. By understanding the role of controversy, we better understand the functioning of science and the stakes of the contemporary scientific debates.

This book provides the first critical edition of Ibn al-Haytham's On the Shape of the Eclipse with English translation and commentary, which records the first scientific analysis of the camera obscura. On the Shape of the Eclipse includes pioneering research on the conditions of formation of the image, in a time deemed to be committed to aniconism. It also provides an early attempt to merge the two branches of Ancient optics-the theory of light and theory of vision. What perhaps most strongly characterizes this treatise is the close interaction of a geometric analysis of light and experimental reasoning. Ibn al-Haytham conducted his experiments in a systematic way by varying all that could be changed: the shape and size of the aperture, the focal length of the camera obscura, the distance and shape of the celestial bodies. This way, he achieved a thorough understanding. This work represents a decisive step in both the history of optics and the application of the experimental method that was just as efficient in medieval Islam as today.

This book provides the first critical edition of Ibn al-Haytham's On the Shape of the Eclipse with English translation and commentary, which records the first scientific analysis of the camera obscura. On the Shape of the Eclipse includes pioneering research on the conditions of formation of the image, in a time deemed to be committed to aniconism. It also provides an early attempt to merge the two branches of Ancient optics-the theory of light and theory of vision. What perhaps most strongly characterizes this treatise is the close interaction of a geometric analysis of light and experimental reasoning. Ibn al-Haytham conducted his experiments in a systematic way by varying all that could be changed: the shape and size of the aperture, the focal length of the camera obscura, the distance and shape of the celestial bodies. This way, he achieved a thorough understanding. This work represents a decisive step in both the history of optics and the application of the experimental method that was just as efficient in medieval Islam as today.

Integrated network management plays a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining an efficient worldwide information infrastructure. This volume presents a state-of-the-art review of the latest worldwide research results covering this topic. The book contains the selected proceedings of the fourth International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, arranged by the International Federation for Information Processing and jointly sponsored by the IEEE. The Symposium was held in Santa Barbara, California, May 1995.

Classicalexamples of moreand more oscillatingreal-valued functions on a domain N ?of R are the functions u (x)=sin(nx)with x=(x ,...,x ) or the so-called n 1 1 n n+1 Rademacherfunctionson]0,1[,u (x)=r (x) = sgn(sin(2 ?x))(seelater3.1.4). n n They may appear as the gradients?v of minimizing sequences (v ) in some n n n?N variationalproblems. Intheseexamples,thefunctionu convergesinsomesenseto n ameasure on ? xR, called Young measure. In Functional Analysis formulation, this is the narrow convergence to of the image of the Lebesgue measure on ? by ? ? (?,u (?)). In the disintegrated form ( ) ,the parametrized measure n ? ??? ? captures the possible scattering of the u around ?. n Curiously if (X ) is a sequence of random variables deriving from indep- n n?N dent ones, the n-th one may appear more and more far from the k ?rst ones as 2 if it was oscillating (think of orthonormal vectors in L which converge weakly to 0). More precisely when the laws L(X ) narrowly converge to some probability n measure , it often happens that for any k and any A in the algebra generated by X ,...,X , the conditional law L(X|A) still converges to (see Chapter 9) 1 k n which means 1 ??? C (R) ?(X (?))dP(?)?? ?d b n P(A) A R or equivalently, ? denoting the image of P by ? ? (?,X (?)), n X n (1l ??)d? ?? (1l ??)d[P? ].

Neron models were invented by A. Neron in the early 1960s in order to study the integral structure of abelian varieties over number fields. Since then, arithmeticians and algebraic geometers have applied the theory of Neron models with great success. Quite recently, new developments in arithmetic algebraic geometry have prompted a desire to understand more about Neron models, and even to go back to the basics of their construction. The authors have taken this as their incentive to present a comprehensive treatment of Neron models. This volume of the renowned "Ergebnisse" series provides a detailed demonstration of the construction of Neron models from the point of view of Grothendieck's algebraic geometry. In the second part of the book the relationship between Neron models and the relative Picard functor in the case of Jacobian varieties is explained. The authors helpfully remind the reader of some important standard techniques of algebraic geometry. A special chapter surveys the theory of the Picard functor.

Classicalexamples of moreand more oscillatingreal-valued functions on a domain N ?of R are the functions u (x)=sin(nx)with x=(x ,...,x ) or the so-called n 1 1 n n+1 Rademacherfunctionson]0,1[,u (x)=r (x) = sgn(sin(2 ?x))(seelater3.1.4). n n They may appear as the gradients?v of minimizing sequences (v ) in some n n n?N variationalproblems. Intheseexamples,thefunctionu convergesinsomesenseto n ameasure on ? xR, called Young measure. In Functional Analysis formulation, this is the narrow convergence to of the image of the Lebesgue measure on ? by ? ? (?,u (?)). In the disintegrated form ( ) ,the parametrized measure n ? ??? ? captures the possible scattering of the u around ?. n Curiously if (X ) is a sequence of random variables deriving from indep- n n?N dent ones, the n-th one may appear more and more far from the k ?rst ones as 2 if it was oscillating (think of orthonormal vectors in L which converge weakly to 0). More precisely when the laws L(X ) narrowly converge to some probability n measure , it often happens that for any k and any A in the algebra generated by X ,...,X , the conditional law L(X|A) still converges to (see Chapter 9) 1 k n which means 1 ??? C (R) ?(X (?))dP(?)?? ?d b n P(A) A R or equivalently, ? denoting the image of P by ? ? (?,X (?)), n X n (1l ??)d? ?? (1l ??)d[P? ].