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The Routledge Handbook of Identity and the Environment in the
Classical and Medieval Worlds explores how environment was thought
to shape ethnicity and identity, discussing developments in early
natural philosophy and historical ethnographies. Defining
'environment' broadly to include not only physical but also
cultural environments, natural and constructed, the volume
considers the multifarious ways in which environment was understood
to shape the culture and physical characteristics of peoples, as
well as how the ancients manipulated their environments to achieve
a desired identity. This diverse collection includes studies not
only of the Greco-Roman world, but also ancient China and the
European, Jewish and Arab inheritors and transmitters of classical
thought. In recent years, work in this subject has been confined
mostly to the discussion of texts that reflect an approach to the
barbarian as 'other'. The Routledge Handbook of Identity and the
Environment in the Classical and Medieval Worlds takes the
discussion of ethnicity on a fresh course, contextualising the
concept of the barbarian within rational discourses such as
cartography, medicine, and mathematical sciences, an approach that
allows us to more clearly discern the varied and nuanced approaches
to ethnic identity which abounded in antiquity. The innovative and
thought-provoking material in this volume realises new directions
in the study of identity in the Classical and Medieval worlds.
The Routledge Handbook of Identity and the Environment in the
Classical and Medieval Worlds explores how environment was thought
to shape ethnicity and identity, discussing developments in early
natural philosophy and historical ethnographies. Defining
'environment' broadly to include not only physical but also
cultural environments, natural and constructed, the volume
considers the multifarious ways in which environment was understood
to shape the culture and physical characteristics of peoples, as
well as how the ancients manipulated their environments to achieve
a desired identity. This diverse collection includes studies not
only of the Greco-Roman world, but also ancient China and the
European, Jewish and Arab inheritors and transmitters of classical
thought. In recent years, work in this subject has been confined
mostly to the discussion of texts that reflect an approach to the
barbarian as 'other'. The Routledge Handbook of Identity and the
Environment in the Classical and Medieval Worlds takes the
discussion of ethnicity on a fresh course, contextualising the
concept of the barbarian within rational discourses such as
cartography, medicine, and mathematical sciences, an approach that
allows us to more clearly discern the varied and nuanced approaches
to ethnic identity which abounded in antiquity. The innovative and
thought-provoking material in this volume realises new directions
in the study of identity in the Classical and Medieval worlds.
Many of the women whose names are known to history from Classical
Athens were metics or immigrants, linked in the literature with
assumptions of being 'sexually exploitable.' Despite recent
scholarship on women in Athens beyond notions of the 'citizen wife'
and the 'common prostitute,' the scholarship on women, both citizen
and foreign, is focused almost exclusively on women in the
reproductive and sexual economy of the city. This book examines the
position of metic women in Classical Athens, to understand the
social and economic role of metic women in the city, beyond the
sexual labor market. This book contributes to two important aspects
of the history of life in 5th century Athens: it explores our
knowledge of metics, a little-researched group, and contributes to
the study if women in antiquity, which has traditionally divided
women socially between citizen-wives and everyone else. This
tradition has wrongly situated metic women, because they could not
legally be wives, as some variety of whores. Author Rebecca Kennedy
critiques the traditional approach to the study of women through an
examination of primary literature on non-citizen women in the
Classical period. She then constructs new approaches to the study
of metic women in Classical Athens that fit the evidence and open
up further paths for exploration. This leading-edge volume advances
the study of women beyond their sexual status and breaks down the
ideological constraints that both Victorians and feminist scholars
reacting to them have historically relied upon throughout the study
of women in antiquity.
Many of the women whose names are known to history from Classical
Athens were metics or immigrants, linked in the literature with
assumptions of being 'sexually exploitable.' Despite recent
scholarship on women in Athens beyond notions of the 'citizen wife'
and the 'common prostitute,' the scholarship on women, both citizen
and foreign, is focused almost exclusively on women in the
reproductive and sexual economy of the city. This book examines the
position of metic women in Classical Athens, to understand the
social and economic role of metic women in the city, beyond the
sexual labor market. This book contributes to two important aspects
of the history of life in 5th century Athens: it explores our
knowledge of metics, a little-researched group, and contributes to
the study if women in antiquity, which has traditionally divided
women socially between citizen-wives and everyone else. This
tradition has wrongly situated metic women, because they could not
legally be wives, as some variety of whores. Author Rebecca Kennedy
critiques the traditional approach to the study of women through an
examination of primary literature on non-citizen women in the
Classical period. She then constructs new approaches to the study
of metic women in Classical Athens that fit the evidence and open
up further paths for exploration. This leading-edge volume advances
the study of women beyond their sexual status and breaks down the
ideological constraints that both Victorians and feminist scholars
reacting to them have historically relied upon throughout the study
of women in antiquity.
Athena is recognized as an allegory or representative of Athens in
most Athenian public art except in tragedy. Perhaps this is because
tragedy is rarely studied as a public art form or, perhaps, because
her character is not static in tragedy. Although Athena's
characterization changes to fit the needs of a particular drama,
her clear connection with justice remains true throughout and
suggests that she is always the representative of the city and its
institutions. Athens, the city Athena protected, experienced a
dramatic transformation in the fifth century: its political
institutions, physical landscape, military power and international
prestige underwent dynamic change. Athena, its goddess and its
symbol, simultaneously transformed as well, although not always for
the better. Athena's Justice follows the question of civic identity
and ideology in Athenian tragedy, focusing specifically on the link
between tragedy and its influence upon identity creation and
promotion during the period when Athens was asserting itself as an
imperial power. Through examination of tragedies in which Athena
appears, this book traces the process by which Athens came to
identify itself with its legal system, symbolized by Athena on
stage, and then suffered the corruption of that system by the
exercise of imperial power. Athena's Justice is essential reading
not just for classicists and ancient historians, but for anyone
interested in the interaction between art and politics and the
process by which human beings in any period seek to shape their
identity as a people.
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