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Whether in science or in international politics, neutrality has
sometimes been promoted, not only as a viable political alternative
but as a lofty ideal - in politics by nations proclaiming their
peacefulness, in science as an underpinning of epistemology, in
journalism and other intellectual pursuits as a foundation of a
professional ethos. Time and again scientists and other
intellectuals have claimed their endeavors to be neutral, elevated
above the world of partisan conflict and power politics. This
volume studies the resonances between neutrality in science and
culture and neutrality in politics. By analyzing the activities of
scientists, intellectuals, and politicians (sometimes overlapping
categories) of mostly neutral nations in the First World War and
after, it traces how an ideology of neutralism was developed that
soon was embraced by international organizations. This book
explores how the notion of neutrality has been used and how a
neutralist discourse developed in history. None of the
contributions take claims of neutrality at face value - some even
show how they were made to advance partisan interests. The concept
was typically clustered with notions, such as peace,
internationalism, objectivity, rationality, and civilization. But
its meaning was changeable - varying with professional,
ideological, or national context. As such, Neutrality in
Twentieth-Century Europe presents a different perspective on the
century than the story of the great belligerent powers, and one in
which science, culture, and politics are inextricably mixed.
Since the Enlightenment, the definition of terms such as humanity,
citizenship and rights has fluctuated and these ideas continue to
have relevance for contemporary discussions of globalization from a
"cosmopolitan" perspective. This volume goes back to the conception
of cosmopolitanism in Greek antiquity in order to trace it through
history, resulting in an unmasking of its many myths. The concept
is reconstructed with reference not only to well-known (and some
lesser known) historical thinkers of cosmopolitanism, but also to
noted "anti-cosmopolitans". The first aim of the book is to display
historical perspectives on a discourse which has been dominated by
ahistorical presumptions. The second is to critically explore
alternative paths beyond the Western imagination, redefining the
Enlightenment legacy and the centre-periphery dichotomy. Most
notably, Eastern Europe and the Arab world are integrated within
the analysis of cosmopolitanism. Within a framework of conceptual
history (Begriffsgeschichte), cosmopolitan reason is criticized
from the viewpoints of comparative literature, psychoanalysis,
phenomenology, postcolonialism and moral philosophy. The book's
critical approach is an attempt to come to terms with the
anachronism, essentialism, ethnocentrism and anthropocentrism that
sometimes underlie contemporary theoretical and methodological uses
of the term "cosmopolitanism". By adding historical and contextual
depth to the problem of cosmopolitanism, a reflexive corrective is
presented to enhance ongoing discussions of this topic within as
well as outside academia.
Whether in science or in international politics, neutrality has
sometimes been promoted, not only as a viable political alternative
but as a lofty ideal -- in politics by nations proclaiming their
peacefulness, in science as an underpinning of epistemology, in
journalism and other intellectual pursuits as a foundation of a
professional ethos. Time and again scientists and other
intellectuals have claimed their endeavors to be neutral, elevated
above the world of partisan conflict and power politics. This
volume studies the resonances between neutrality in science and
culture and neutrality in politics. By analyzing the activities of
scientists, intellectuals, and politicians (sometimes overlapping
categories) of mostly neutral nations in the First World War and
after, it traces how an ideology of neutralism was developed that
soon was embraced by international organizations. This book
explores how the notion of neutrality has been used and how a
neutralist discourse developed in history. None of the
contributions take claims of neutrality at face value -- some even
show how they were made to advance partisan interests. The concept
was typically clustered with notions, such as peace,
internationalism, objectivity, rationality, and civilization. But
its meaning was changeable -- varying with professional,
ideological, or national context. As such, Neutrality in
Twentieth-Century Europe presents a different perspective on the
century than the story of the great belligerent powers, and one in
which science, culture, and politics are inextricably mixed.
Ideas in History (ISSN 1890-1832) is the result of collaborative
efforts among nearly a dozen universities and colleges throughout
the Nordic countries. The purpose of these initiatives is to
further awareness of research, resources and activities in the
field of intellectual history in the Nordic countries as well as
internationally. The journal aims to create a meeting ground for
the study of ideas in historical context across disciplinary,
geographical and institutional boundaries. Ideas in History
welcomes interdisciplinary approaches to intellectual history at
the same time it acknowledges specific traditions in the field.
Ideas in History seeks a pluralism of methodological approaches to
intellectual history: reflections on the field, historical contexts
studied, subject matter for intellectual-historical investigation,
critical understandings of relations between the intellectual past
and present as well as the comprehension of culturally, politically
and geographically diverse intellectual traditions. Volume 7, no.
1-2: Thematic Issue: Literature and Nation: Katarina Leppanen and
Rebecka Lettevall, "Introduction: The Baltic Sea Area as a
Historical, Cultural and Social Space"; Katarina Leppanen, "Fiction
as a Historical Source: Alternative Identities in Aino Kallas and
Hella Wuolijoki"; Anna Bohlin, "Fredrika Bremer's Concept of the
Nation During her American Journey"; Jenny Bergenmar, "Selma
Lagerlof, Narrative and Counter-Narrative: The Question of Sources
in the Historical Understanding of an Author's Works"; Eve Annuk,
"Emancipation and the New Woman in Early Estonian Journalism";
Kalle Pihlainen, "Literary Knowledge in Historical Study: The Case
of Josef kvorecky's The Engineer of Human Souls"; Kristin Rodier,
"Can There Be a Postmodern Nationalism?"
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