Many young children in the United States are thriving and have access to the conditions and resources they need to grow up healthy. However, a substantial number of young children face more challenging conditions such as: poverty; food insecurity; exposure to violence; and inadequate access to health care, well-funded quality schools, and mental health care. In many cases, the historical origins of unequal access to crucial supports for children's physical, emotional, and cognitive development are rooted in policies that intentionally segregated and limited various populations' access to resources and create opportunity gaps that intertwine and compound to affect academic, health, and economic outcomes over an individual's life course and across generations. Closing the Opportunity Gap for Young Children, identifies and describes the causes, costs, and effects of the opportunity gap in young children and explores how disparities in access to quality educational experiences, health care, and positive developmental experiences from birth through age eight intersect with key academic, health, and economic outcomes. The report identifies drivers of these gaps in three key domains?education, mental health, and physical health?and offers recommendations for policy makers for addressing these gaps so that all children in the United States have the opportunity to thrive. In addition, the report offers a detailed set of recommendations for policy makers, practitioners, community organizations, and philanthropic organizations to reduce opportunity gaps in education, health, and social-emotional development. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Opportunity Gaps in Early Care and Education Experienced by Children from Birth to Pre-K 3 Opportunity Gaps in the Education Experienced by Children in Grades K3 4 Opportunity Gaps in the Physical Health and Health Care Experienced by Young Children and Their Parents 5 Opportunity Gaps in the Social-Emotional Development, Well-being, and Mental Health Experienced by Young Children 6 The Economic Costs of the Opportunity Gap 7 Research, Policy, and Practice: Contexts and Efforts to Address Opportunity Gaps 8 Key Conclusions and Recommendations APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C COMMITTEE MEMBER AND STAFF BIOSKETCHES

For children and youth, summertime presents a unique break from the traditional structure, resources, and support systems that exist during the school year. For some students, this time involves opportunities to engage in fun and enriching activities and programs, while others face additional challenges as they lose a variety of supports, including healthy meals, medical care, supervision, and structured programs that enhance development. Children that are limited by their social, economic, or physical environments during the summer months are at higher risk for worse academic, health, social and emotional, and safety outcomes. In contrast, structured summertime activities and programs support basic developmental needs and positive outcomes for children and youth who can access and afford these programs. These discrepancies in summertime experiences exacerbate pre-existing academic inequities. While further research is needed regarding the impact of summertime on developmental domains outside of the academic setting, extensive literature exists regarding the impact of summertime on academic development trajectories. However, this knowledge is not sufficiently applied to policy and practice, and it is important to address these inequalities. Shaping Summertime Experiences examines the impact of summertime experiences on the developmental trajectories of school-age children and youth across four areas of well-being, including academic learning, social and emotional development, physical and mental health, and health-promoting and safety behaviors. It also reviews the state of science and available literature regarding the impact of summertime experiences. In addition, this report provides recommendations to improve the experiences of children over the summertime regarding planning, access and equity, and opportunities for further research and data collection. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Summertime Experiences 3 The Effects of Summertime Experiences on Children's Development 4 How Do Summer Programs Influence Outcomes for Children and Youth? 5 The Effects of Children's Circumstances on Summertime Experiences 6 Future Directions for Policy, Practice, and Research Epilogue Appendix A: Terminology Appendix B: Characteristics of American Camp Association Accredited Day and Overnight Camps in 2016 Appendix C: Public Session Agenda Appendix D: Authors of Memos Submitted to the Committee Appendix E: Biosketches of Committee Members and Project Staff Board on Children, Youth, and Families

Demand for tech professionals is expected to increase substantially over the next decade, and increasing the number of women of color in tech will be critical to building and maintaining a competitive workforce. Despite years of efforts to increase the diversity of the tech workforce, women of color have remained underrepresented, and the numbers of some groups of women of color have even declined. Even in cases where some groups of women of color may have higher levels of representation, data show that they still face significant systemic challenges in advancing to positions of leadership. Research evidence suggests that structural and social barriers in tech education, the tech workforce, and in venture capital investment disproportionately and negatively affect women of color. Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech uses current research as well as information obtained through four public information-gathering workshops to provide recommendations to a broad set of stakeholders within the tech ecosystem for increasing recruitment, retention, and advancement of women of color. This report identifies gaps in existing research that obscure the nature of challenges faced by women of color in tech, addresses systemic issues that negatively affect outcomes for women of color in tech, and provides guidance for transforming existing systems and implementing evidence-based policies and practices to increase the success of women of color in tech. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review of Research on Girls and Women of Color in Computing, Science, and Technology 3 Challenging Assumptions Around the Recruitment, Retention, and Advancement of Women of Color in Higher Education 4 Increasing Recruitment, Retention, and Advancement of Women of Color in the Tech Industry 5 The Role of Government in Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women of Color in Tech 6 Alternative Pathways for Women of Color in Tech and the Role of Professional Societies Appendix A: Alliances Focused on Women of Color and Underrepresentation in Tech Appendix B: Professional Organizations and Programs Focused on Women of Color and Underrepresentation in Tech Appendix C: Workshop Agendas Appendix D: Committee Member Biographies

Globalization of the food supply has created conditions favorable for the emergence, reemergence, and spread of food-borne pathogens-compounding the challenge of anticipating, detecting, and effectively responding to food-borne threats to health. In the United States, food-borne agents affect 1 out of 6 individuals and cause approximately 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year. This figure likely represents just the tip of the iceberg, because it fails to account for the broad array of food-borne illnesses or for their wide-ranging repercussions for consumers, government, and the food industry-both domestically and internationally. A One Health approach to food safety may hold the promise of harnessing and integrating the expertise and resources from across the spectrum of multiple health domains including the human and veterinary medical and plant pathology communities with those of the wildlife and aquatic health and ecology communities. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop on December 13 and 14, 2011 that examined issues critical to the protection of the nation's food supply. The workshop explored existing knowledge and unanswered questions on the nature and extent of food-borne threats to health. Participants discussed the globalization of the U.S. food supply and the burden of illness associated with foodborne threats to health; considered the spectrum of food-borne threats as well as illustrative case studies; reviewed existing research, policies, and practices to prevent and mitigate foodborne threats; and, identified opportunities to reduce future threats to the nation's food supply through the use of a "One Health" approach to food safety. Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary covers the events of the workshop and explains the recommendations for future related workshops. Table of Contents Front Matter Workshop Overview Appendix A: Contributed Manuscripts Appendix B: Agenda Appendix C: Acronyms Appendix D: Glossary Appendix E: Speaker Biographies