Volumes in the Proven Synthetic Methods Series address the concerns many chemists have regarding irreproducibility of synthetic protocols, lack of characterization data for new compounds, and inflated yields reported in chemical communications-trends that have recently become a serious problem. Featuring contributions from world-renowned experts and overseen by a highly respected series editor, Carbohydrate Chemistry: Proven Synthetic Methods, Volume 3 compiles reliable protocols for the preparation of intermediates for carbohydrate synthesis or other uses in the glycosciences. Exploring carbohydrate chemistry from both the academic and industrial points of view, this unique resource brings together useful information into one convenient reference. To ensure reproducibility, an independent checker has verified the experimental parts involved by repeating the protocols or using the methods. The book includes new or more detailed versions of previously published protocols as well as those published in not readily available journals. The essential characteristics of the protocols presented are reliability and the expectation of wide utility in the carbohydrate field. The protocols presented will be of wide use to a wide range of readers in the carbohydrate field, including undergraduates taking carbohydrate workshops.

Are we alone in the Universe? Was there anything before the Big Bang? Are there other universes? What makes stars shine? Where does Earth's water come from? Why is the night sky dark? Was there ever life on Mars? How do telescopes work? This engaging guide book answers all these questions and hundreds more, making it a practical reference for anyone who has ever wondered what is out in the cosmos, where it all comes from, and how it all works. Richly illustrated in color throughout, it gives simple yet rigorous explanations in non-technical language, summarizing current astronomical knowledge, without overlooking the important underlying scientific principles. This second edition includes substantial new material throughout, including the latest findings from the New Horizons, Rosetta, and Dawn space missions, and images from professional telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array.

Galaxies are known as the building blocks of the universe, but arriving at this understanding has been a thousand-year odyssey. This journey is told through the lens of the evolving use of images as investigative tools. Initial chapters explore how early insights developed in line with new methods of scientific imaging, particularly photography. The volume then explores the impact of optical, radio and x-ray imaging techniques. The final part of the story discusses the importance of atlases of galaxies; how astronomers organised images in ways that educated, promoted ideas and pushed for new knowledge. Images that created confusion as well as advanced knowledge are included to demonstrate the challenges faced by astronomers and the long road to understanding galaxies. By examining developments in imaging, this text places the study of galaxies in its broader historical context, contributing to both astronomy and the history of science.

Volumes in the Proven Synthetic Methods Series address the concerns many chemists have regarding irreproducibility of synthetic protocols, lack of characterization data for new compounds, and inflated yields reported in chemical communications-trends that have recently become a serious problem. Featuring contributions from world-renowned experts and overseen by a highly respected series editor, Carbohydrate Chemistry: Proven Synthetic Methods, Volume 3 compiles reliable protocols for the preparation of intermediates for carbohydrate synthesis or other uses in the glycosciences. Exploring carbohydrate chemistry from both the academic and industrial points of view, this unique resource brings together useful information into one convenient reference. To ensure reproducibility, an independent checker has verified the experimental parts involved by repeating the protocols or using the methods. The book includes new or more detailed versions of previously published protocols as well as those published in not readily available journals. The essential characteristics of the protocols presented are reliability and the expectation of wide utility in the carbohydrate field. The protocols presented will be of wide use to a wide range of readers in the carbohydrate field, including undergraduates taking carbohydrate workshops.