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The war on heresy obsessed medieval Europe in the centuries after the first millennium. R. I. Moore's vivid narrative focuses on the motives and anxieties of those who declared and conducted the war: what were the beliefs and practices they saw as heretical? How might such beliefs have arisen? And why were they such a threat? In western Europe at AD 1000 heresy had barely been heard of. Yet within a few generations accusations had become commonplace and institutions were being set up to identify and suppress beliefs and practices seen as departures from true religion. Popular accounts of events, most notably of the Albigensian Crusade led by Europe against itself, have assumed the threats posed by the heretical movements were only too real. Some scholars by contrast have tried to show that reports of heresy were exaggerated or even fabricated: but if they are correct why was the war on heresy launched at all? And why was it conducted with such pitiless ferocity? To find the answers to these and other questions R. I. Moore returns to the evidence of the time. His investigation forms the basis for an account as profound as it is startlingly original.
This book provides a radical reassessment of Europe from the late
tenth to the early thirteenth centuries. Professor Moore argues
that the period witnessed the first true revolution in European
society, characterized by a transformation in the economy, in
family structures, and in the sources of power and the means by
which it was exercised. Together these changes brought into being
for the first time an autonomous city-supporting civilization in
non-Mediterranean Europe. The circumstances and outcome of this
transformation, he demonstrates, not only shaped medieval and
modern Europe but established enduring and fundamental
characteristics which differentiated Europe from other world
civilizations. The process at the heart of change involved social, cultural and institutional transformations whose implementation required extensive popular participation. On occasion it required the use or threat of popular violence, in part consciously sanctioned and led by some of those challenging for power within the social elite; once the revolution had been achieved this popular enthusiasm had to be subdued and contained. These developments were far from simple and anything but uniform. The differences which resulted both within Europe and between Europe and other world civilizations were of lasting significance.
The tenth to the thirteenth centuries in Europe saw the appearance
of popular heresy and the establishment of the Inquisition, the
expropriation and mass murder of Jews, and the propagation of
elaborate measures to segregate lepers from the healthy and curtail
their civil rights. These were traditionally seen as distinct and
separate developments, and explained in terms of the problems which
their victims presented to medieval society. In this stimulating
book, first published in 1987 and now widely regarded as a a
classic in medieval history, R. I. Moore argues that the
coincidences in the treatment of these and other minority groups
cannot be explained independently, and that all are part of a
pattern of persecution which now appeared for the first time to
make Europe become, as it has remained, a persecuting society.
Essays on medieval history inspired by, and engaging with, the work of Jacques Le Goff. The essays in this volume arise from the proceedings of a conference held in 1994 to celebrate the life and work of the eminent French medievalist Jacques Le Goff. Set within thematic sections -popular religion and heresy, the body, royalty andits mystique, intellectuals in medieval society, and others -many of the challenges raised by Le Goff are reassessed and reapproached. There is an explicit historiographical focus in a section on the reception and influence of Le Goff, with particular reference to the Annales school of history with which he is strongly identified; the volume also indicates the problems which animate current research in medieval studies, especially in certain areas of social and cultural history. MIRI RUBIN is Professor of History, Queen Mary, University of London. Contributors: ALEXANDER MURRAY, PETER BILLER, ANDRE VAUCHEZ, R.I. MOORE, OTTO GERHARD OEXLE,LESTER K. LITTLE, WALTER SIMONS, ADELINE RUCQUOI, ALAIN BOUREAU, JEAN DUBABIN, WILLIAM CHESTER JORDAN, PETER LINEHAN, MIRI RUBIN, GABOR KLANICZAY, AARON GUREVICH, ROBIN BRIGGS, STUART CLARK
The seeds of heresy are contained in Christianity itself, which began as a religion of dissent. In the Middle Ages the Church was the main focus of intellectual activity, and its spiritual leaders themselves often questioned the practices and beliefs which heretics openly challenged. The documentary analysed in this volume trace the development of popular heresy from its beginnings. Four main themes are presented: the first manifestations of popular dissent in the eleventh century; the emergence of evangelical anticlericalism in the twelfth century; the infiltration of western heterodoxy in the mid-1100s; and the establishment and early organization of Cathar Churches in southern France and northern Italy which ultimately led to the inquisition. Originally published by Edward Arnold, 1975.
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