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An introductory account of the concept of class stratification, of
contemporary approaches to the study of class, and of current
debates about its role in the study of society. Definitions and an
analysis of different theoretical approaches to class are
accompanied by empirical material which compares the class
structures of a range of countries and examines social mobility in
cross-national perspective.
Have the two parts of Ireland been converging or diverging over
time? And what implications do these patterns of change have for
the future? In this first-ever systematic study of the social,
economic, and political development of the two Irelands since
partition, a distinguished group of scholars from Ireland (North
and South), Britain, and America have worked together to provide
answers that are essential for any understanding of current
political events. There are chapters on economic development,
political history, demography and migration, the religions of
Ireland, gender differences, the family and the state of the labour
market, industrial relations, education and social stratification,
nationalism and political culture, and political behaviour. Some
important areas of convergence are demonstrated, especially in
fertility, but in other respects the two Irelands remain distinct,
with the North evolving some unique characteristics of its own.
An introductory account of the concept of class stratification, of
contemporary approaches to the study of class, and of current
debates about its role in the study of society. Definitions and an
analysis of different theoretical approaches to class are
accompanied by empirical material which compares the class
structures of a range of countries and examines social mobility in
cross-national perspective.
This volume examines the role of education in shaping rates and
patterns of intergenerational social mobility among men and women
during the twentieth century. Focusing on the relationship between
a person's social class and the social class of his or her parents,
each chapter looks at a different country-the United States,
Sweden, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and
Switzerland. Contributors examine change in absolute and relative
mobility and in education across birth cohorts born between the
first decade of the twentieth century and the early 1970s. They
find a striking similarity in trends across all countries, and in
particular a contrast between the fortunes of people born before
the 1950s, those who enjoyed increasing rates of upward mobility
and a decline in the strength of the link between class origins and
destinations, and later generations who experienced more downward
mobility and little change in how origins and destinations are
linked. This volume uncovers the factors that drove these shifts,
revealing education as significant in promoting social openness. It
will be an invaluable source for anyone who wants to understand the
evolution of mobility and inequality in the contemporary world.
The Republic of Ireland in 1958 abandoned its self-imposed
isolation from the modern world for the promise of social and
economic progress. State initiatives to promote industrial
development coincided with an expanding world economy, and served
to promote rapid and radical change in almost every aspect of Irish
society. However, the massive growth served to reinforce, not
weaken the class barriers, and the policies of successive
governments generated change without achieving economic prosperity.
The aim of this study is to assemble and interpret these economic
and social changes since 1960, placing them in the context of the
Irish experience since independence, and comparing Ireland's
problems and economic progress to that of other developed
countries. The authors argue that the late and rapid economic
development transformed the Republic of Ireland without securing
either economic prosperity or equality of opportunity.
Social Mobility in Europe is the most comprehensive study to date
of trends in intergenerational social mobility. It uses data from
11 European countries covering the last 30 years of the twentieth
century to analyze differences between countries and changes
through time.
The findings call into question several long-standing views about
social mobility. We find a growing similarity between countries in
their class structures and rates of absolute mobility: in other
words, the countries of Europe are now more alike in their flows
between class origins and destinations than they were thirty years
ago. However, differences between countries in social fluidity
(that is, the relative chances, between people of different class
origins, of being found in given class destinations) show no
reduction and so there is no evidence supporting theories of
modernization which predict such convergence. Our results also
contradict the long-standing Featherman Jones Hauser hypothesis of
a basic similarity in social fluidity in all industrial societies
'with a market economy and a nuclear family system'. There are
considerable differences between countries like Israel and Sweden,
where societal openness is very marked, and Italy, France, and
Germany, where social fluidity rates are low. Similarly, there is a
substantial difference between, for example, the Netherlands in the
1970s (which was quite closed) and in the 1990s, when it ranks
among the most open societies.
Mobility tables reflect many underlying processes and this makes it
difficult to explain mobility and fluidity or to provide policy
prescriptions. Nevertheless, those countries in which fluidity
increased over the last decades of the twentieth century had not
only succeeded in reducing class inequalities in educational
attainment but had also restricted the degree to which, among
people with the same level of education, class background affected
their chances of gaining access to better class destinations.
What techniques can social scientists use when an outcome variable for a sample (for example, y) is not representative of the population for which generalized results are preferred? Author Richard Breen provides an introduction to regression models for such data, including censored, sample-selected, and truncated data. Regression Models begins with a discussion of the Tobit model and examines issues such as maximum likelihood estimation and the interpretation of parameters. The author next discusses the basic sample selection model and the truncated regression model. Elaborating on the modeling of censored and sample-selected data via maximum likelihood, he shows the close links between the models introduced and other regression models for non-continuous dependent variables, such as the ordered probit. Concluding with an exploration of some of the criticisms of these approaches and difficulties associated with them, this volume gives readers a guide to the practical utility of these models.
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