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This text presents a clear and philosophically sound method for
identifying, interpreting, and evaluating arguments as they appear
in non-technical sources. It focuses on a more functional,
real-world goal of argument analysis as a tool for figuring out
what is reasonable to believe rather than as an instrument of
persuasion. Methods are illustrated by applying them to arguments
about different topics as they appear in a variety of contexts -
e.g., newspaper editorials and columns, short essays, informal
reports of scientific results, etc.
In his widely influential two-volume work, Warrant: The Current
Debate and Warrant and Proper Function, Alvin Plantinga argued that
warrant is that which explains the difference between knowledge and
true belief. Plantinga not only developed his own account of
warrant but also mapped the terrain of epistemology. Motivated by
Plantinga's work, fourteen prominent philosophers have written new
essays investigating Plantingian warrant and its contribution to
contemporary epistemology. The resulting collection, representing a
broad array of views, not only gives readers a critical perspective
on Plantinga's landmark work, but also provides in one volume a
clear statement of the variety of approaches to the nature of
warrant within contemporary epistemology, and to the connections
between epistemology and metaphysics. Positions covered include
internalism and externalism, reliabilism, coherentism and
foundationalism, virtue theories, and defensibility theories. Alvin
Plantinga responds to the essays in his own contribution.
An NRA insider exposes the hidden aims and tactics of America's
most notorious special interest group. The National Rifle
Association is the most feared lobbying powerhouse in America,
known for its aggressive tactics and intensely secretive culture.
In this revealing, controversial book, lifetime NRA member and
former lobbyist Richard Feldman unmasks the inner workings,
influence, and goals of this political behemoth, from internecine
warfare, media manipulation, and executive bankrolling to gun
control bills and school massacres. Richard Feldman (Rindge, NH) is
a former Reagan White House appointee to the Commerce Department.
He became the regional political director for the National Rifle
Association in the 1980s and served as chief lobbyist and spokesman
for the firearm industry's national trade association in the '90s.
He is the founder of MLS Communications and is a top political and
public affairs consultant.
Elm is more than just a cutting-edge programming language, it's a
chance to upgrade the way you think about building web
applications. Once you get comfortable with Elm's refreshingly
different approach to application development, you'll be working
with a clean syntax, dependable libraries, and a delightful
compiler that essentially eliminates runtime exceptions. Elm
compiles to JavaScript, so your code runs in any browser, and Elm's
best-in-class rendering speed will knock your socks off. Let's get
started! Elm in Action teaches you how to build well-designed,
highly performant web applications using the Elm language. As you
read, you'll follow an application called Photo Groove that will
show you how to structure your application's domain and behaviour,
how to maintain a pleasantly modular architecture, and how to
deliver a quality product using the Elm language. Along the way,
you'll learn how to interact smoothly with browser functionality,
servers, and JavaScript libraries, as well and picking up a few
tricks for building fluid, intuitive user experiences. If you're
new to functional programming, you'll also gain a practical
understanding of techniques that will make you a better developer
no matter what you're writing! Written for readers comfortable with
web application development in JavaScript. No experience with Elm
or functional programming required. Key Features Getting started
with the Elm language Scalable design for production web
applications Single-page applications in Elm Testing your
applications Richard Feldman is a programmer and entrepreneur who
loves to push the limits of browser-based programming. He's a
front-end engineer at NoRedInk and a well-known member of the Elm
community
Disagreement is common: even informed, intelligent, and generally
reasonable people often come to different conclusions when
confronted with what seems to be the same evidence. Can the
competing conclusions be reasonable? If not, what can we reasonably
think about the situation? This volume examines the epistemology of
disagreement. Philosophical questions about disagreement arise in
various areas, notably politics, ethics, aesthetics, and the
philosophy of religion: but this will be the first book focusing on
the general epistemic issues arising from informed disagreement.
Ten leading philosophers offer specially written essays which
together will offer a starting-point for future work on this topic.
Disagreement is common: even informed, intelligent, and generally
reasonable people often come to different conclusions when
confronted with what seems to be the same evidence. Can the
competing conclusions be reasonable? If not, what can we reasonably
think about the situation? This volume examines the epistemology of
disagreement. Philosophical questions about disagreement arise in
various areas, notably politics, ethics, aesthetics, and the
philosophy of religion: but this will be the first book focusing on
the general epistemic issues arising from informed disagreement.
Ten leading philosophers offer specially written essays which
together will offer a starting-point for future work on this topic.
Evidentialism is a theory of knowledge whose essence is the
traditional idea that the justification of factual knowledge is
entirely a matter of evidence. Earl Conee and Richard Feldman
present the definitive exposition and defence of this
much-contested theory. They argue that evidentialism is an asset
virtually everywhere in epistemology, from getting started
legitimately to refuting skepticism. The volume collects the
authors' renowned work on the topic and adds substantial new
material, making it the prime resource in evidentialism for all
epistemologists.
Evidentialism is a view about the conditions under which a person
is epistemically justified in having a particular doxastic attitude
toward a proposition. Evidentialism holds that the justified
attitudes are determined entirely by the person's evidence. This is
the traditional view of justification. It is now widely opposed.
The essays included in this volume develop and defend the
tradition. Evidentialism has many assets. In addition to providing
an intuitively plausible account of epistemic justification, it
helps to resolve the problem of the criterion, helps to disentangle
epistemic and ethical evaluations, and illuminates the relationship
between epistemic evaluations of beliefs and the evaluation of the
methods used to form beliefs. These issues are all addressed in the
essays presented here. External world skepticism poses the classic
problem for an epistemological theory. The final essay in this
volume argues that evidentialism is uniquely well qualified to make
sense of skepticism and to respond to its challenge. Evidentialism
is a version of epistemic internalism. Recent epistemology has
included many attacks on internalism and has seen the development
of numerous externalist theories. The essays included here respond
to those attacks and raise objections to externalist theories,
especially the principal rival, reliabilism. Internalism generally
has been criticized for having unacceptable deontological
implications, for failing to connect epistemic justification to
truth, and for failing to provide an adequate account of what makes
basic beliefs justified. Each of these charges is answered in these
essays. The collection includes two previously unpublished essays
and new afterwords to five of the reprinted essays; it will be the
definitive resource on evidentialism for all epistemologists.
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