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Butrint, ancient Buthrotum , has taken many forms in different
ages, shaped by the near-constant interaction between the place,
its lagoonal landscape and the Mediterranean. Though Butrint does
not appear on any of the records of early Greek colonisation to
identify it as a Corcyrean settlement, strong links must have
existed between it and the metropolitan Corinthian colony of Corfu.
Blessed with springs that possessed healing qualities, a small
polis was created - extended to incorporate a healing sanctuary
dedicated to Asclepius. Julius Caesar, harbouring at Butrint in
urgent need of supplies to sustain his struggle against Pompey,
must have viewed the sanctuary, ringed by largely dried-out
marshland, as the perfect site to settle veterans as a colony. It
was an obvious cornerstone in controlling the passage from the
Adriatic to the Aegean. The early settlers seem to have been
limited in number and possibly mainly of civilian status. However,
the political changes to the city's magistrature were immediate,
and within a relatively short time-span fundamental changes to the
physical make-up of the city were set in motion. Its new Roman
status also located Butrint as a directly before the highest
authorities in Rome, and within fifteen years or so, under
Augustus's guidance following his victory at Actium, the city was
refounded as a colony and awarded a pivotal role in Virgil's
court-sponsored foundation epic, The Aeneid. Now linked to the
Victory City of Nicopolis rather than in the shadow of Corfu,
Butrint prospered. The urban fabric evolved, sometimes faltered,
but was essentially sustained until the later 6th century A.D. This
present volume is an assessment of the Roman archaeology, a
compilation of studies and field reports that focuses upon the
foundation and early history of the colony.
This richly illustrated volume discusses the histories of the port
city of Butrint, and its intimate connection to the wider
conditions of the Adriatic. In so doing it is a reading, and
re-reading, of the site that adds significantly to the study of
Mediterranean urban history over the longue duree . Firstly, the
book proposes a new paradigm for the development-history of Butrint
- based on discussions of the latest archaeological, historical and
landscape studies from approximately 20 new excavations and
surveys, together covering a temporal arch from prehistory to the
early modern period. Secondly, it examines how the perception of
the city influenced the archaeological methodology of 20th-century
studies of the site, where iteration and reversal were often being
applied in equal measure. In this it asks important questions on
the management of heritage sites and the contemporary role of
archaeological practise. Inge Lyse Hansen is Adjunct Professor of
Art History at John Cabot University and specialises in the visual
and material culture of the Roman world. She has published on
portraiture, funerary art and the use of role models and patronage
and has edited several archaeological volumes. Richard Hodges is
Scientific Director of the Butrint Foundation, a leading medieval
archaeologist and the author of more than 20 books. Sarah Leppard
has led or participated in more than 15 excavations in eight
countries and has managed major excavations at Butrint.
The San Vincenzo Project began in 1980 as a collaboration with the
Soprintendenza Archaeologica del Molise. Its initial focus was the
small frescoed crypt of 'San Lorenzo' (later known as the Crypt
Church), which was in urgent need of conservation. Over the
following eighteen years, a large multidisciplinary project was
undertaken involving archaeologists, historians and art historians.
This consisted of major open-area excavations of the early medieval
monastery, of which the celebrated crypt proved to be a modest
funerary oratory at the northern limits of the site. The project
also involved a study of settlement history in the Upper Volturno
valley. This book presents the finds of this excavation.
The San Vincenzo Project, focused upon the Benedictine monastery of
San Vincenzo al Volturno, in central Italy, was launched in 1980.
In addition to developing the archaeological potential of the
well-known ninth-century painted crypt of San Lorenzo and to
defining the general character of the early medieval monastery, a
major aim of the project was through a combination of survey and
small-scale excavation within the territory to define the
relationship between the early medieval monastery and its dependent
communities. This volume summarizes the archaeology of the
territory, placing emphasis upon the long settlement history of
which San Vincenzo al Volturno was a part, as well as the dependent
communities of the Benedictine monastery identified during the
fieldwork. The volume includes an overview of the 1980-1 field
survey (including investigations of the castelli in the upper
Volturno valley and the survey and excavations on Monte Mare); the
principal results of the extensive excavations on the east bank of
the river, including the Samnite cemetery and vicus, the Samnite
and Roman settlement, the early medieval industrial complex and
borgo, as well as the twelfth-century monastery; reports on
excavations at two hilltop sites, Colle Castellano and Colle
Sant'Angelo. In addition, there are essays on the San Vincenzo
community in Capua; on the upper Volturno valley in Roman times; a
reconsideration of late antique San Vincenzo and an assessment of
the upper Volturno valley in the early Middle Ages.
Groundbreaking collection of articles - drawing upon recent
advances in both discovery techniques and classification systems -
centred upon the study of early Anglo-Saxon coinage and its
iconography. Recent years have seen increasing interest being taken
by both scholars and enthusiasts in the remarkable iconography of
early Anglo-Saxon coinage. During this period there was a
remarkable diversity of intentionally ambiguous imagery conflating
the various traditions then extant in England, and indeed the sheer
quantity of types produced in post-Roman Britain prior to the
establishment of a clear political hierarchy has often been
regarded as a daunting hurdle for scholarly research. Although this
wealth of material has long been available, recent advances in both
discovery techniques and classification systems have seen a renewal
of interest in these largely neglected artefacts.This volume draws
upon these advances to establish a new benchmark for the study of
coin typologies. Going beyond the traditional studies of moneyers,
mint marks and monarchs, these essays draw upon the imagery present
upon the coins themselves to offer new insights into Anglo-Saxon
art and society.
This volume brings together unpublished Italian and Albanian
archaeological reports and new archaeological studies from recent
fieldwork that throw new light on the archaeology and history of
the Pavllas River Valley, the Mediterranean alluvial plain in the
territory of Butrint, ancient Buthrotum, in southwestern Albania.
It gives prominence for the first time to two important sites,
Kalivo and Çuka e Aitoit, which are here reinterpreted and shown
to have played major roles in the early history of Butrint as it
evolved in the later first millennium BC to emerge as the key city
of Chaonia in Epirus. Butrint 7 also presents the full excavation
report of the Late Bronze Age and Hellenistic fortified site of
Mursi, in addition to other Butrint Foundation surveys and
excavations in the hinterland of Butrint, including the Roman villa
maritima at Diaporit, the villa suburbana on the Vrina Plain, and
Roman sites on Alinura Bay and at the Customs House, as well as new
surveys of the early modern Triangular Fortress and a survey to
locate the lost Venetian village of Zarópulo. The volume also
features a new study of the Hellenistic bronze statuette of Pan
found on Mount Mile and of his sanctuary at Butrint. The volume
concludes with a comprehensive reassessment of the Pavllas River
Valley in relation to Butrint, from the Palaeolithic to the modern
eras, examining how dominion, territory, environment and the
‘corrupting sea’ reshaped Butrint and its fluvial corridor
diachronically and particularly brought profound territorial,
economic and social alterations under the Roman Empire.
Thomas Ashby (1874-1931), the first scholar and third Director of
the British School at Rome died at a tragically young age when he
fell from a train. His 'Roman Campagna in Classical Times' remains
a classic work of topographic research. This book, written by
another former Director, tells the story of his life as an
academic, as the Director responsible for building the British
School at Rome in the Valle Giulia, as an ambulance driver in the
First World War, as an avid photographer and, in the author's view,
as the victim of the British tendency towards dark moral judgement.
This volume presents the second part of the detailed report on the
British School at Rome's excavations between 1980 and 1986 at the
early medieval Benedictine abbey of San Vincenzo in Molise, central
Italy. It contains discussion of the Vestibule, the Assembly Room
containing the reconstructed wall of painted prophets, the
Refectory, the terraces, the hilltop cemetery, and the late Roman
settlement. It also includes essays on the historical context of
the site: `Christians and countrymen' (Samuel Barnish) , `Monastic
lands and monastic patrons' (Chris Wickham) , and `San Vincenzo and
the Plan of Saint Gall' (Richard Hodges) .
Butrint has been one of the largest archaeological projects in the
Mediterranean over the last two decades. Major excavations and a
multi-volume series of accompanying scientific publications have
made this a key site for our developing understanding of the Roman
and Medieval Mediterranean. Through this set of interwoven
reflections about the archaeology and cultural heritage history of
his twenty-year odyssey in south-west Albania, Richard Hodges
considers how the Butrint Foundation protected and enhanced
Butrint's spirit of place for future generations. Hodges reviews
Virgil's long influence on Butrint and how its topographic
archaeology has now helped to invent a new narrative and identity.
He then describes the struggle of placemaking in Albania during the
early post-communist era, and finally asks, in the light of the
Butrint Foundation's experience, who matters in the shaping of a
place - international regulations, the nation, the archaeologist,
the visitor, the local community or some combination of all of
these stakeholders? With appropriate maps and photographs, this
book aims to offer an unusual but important new direction for
archaeology in the Mediterranean. It should be essential reading
for archaeologists, classical historians, medievalists, cultural
heritage specialists, tourism specialists as well as those
interested in the Mediterranean's past and future.
The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor reflects the results of a
research programme conducted by Charles Higham over the last twenty
years, highlighting much entirely new, and occasionally surprising,
information and providing a distinct perspective on cultural change
over two millennia. The book covers the background of environmental
change, the adoption of rice farming, archaeogenetics, the adoption
of copper-based metallurgy, the iron age and the origins of state
formation.
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The archaeology of the period A.D. 500-1000 has taken off in the
Mediterranean (where prehistoric and classical studies formerly
enjoyed a virtual monopoly in most areas) and in the Islamic world.
Here, as in northern Europe, field survey, careful excavation and
improved methods of dating are beginning to supply information
which now is not only more abundant but also of much higher quality
than ever before. The 'New Archaeology', pioneered in the United
States in the 1960s, has taught the archaeologist the value of
anthropological models in the study of the past. The new data and
models positively compel us to take a new look at the written
sources and reconsider the 'making of the Middle Ages'.
Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe attempts to
prove the point. Henri Pirenne's classic history of Europe between
the fifth and ninth centuries, Mohammed and Charlemagne, although
published on the eve of the Second World War, remains an important
work. Many parts of its bold framework have been attacked, but
seldom decisively, for until now the evidence has been
insufficient. In their concise book, Richard Hodges and David
Whitehouse review the 'Pirenne thesis' in the light of
archaeological information from northern Europe, the Mediterranean
and western Asia.
In doing so, they have two objectives: to tackle the major issue
of the origins of the Carolingian Empire and to indicate the almost
staggering potential of the archaeological data. This book, then,
is an attempt to rekindle interest in an important set of questions
and to draw attention to new sets of data and to persuade readers
to look across traditional boundaries between classical and
medieval, east and west, history and archaeology."
Butrint has been one of the largest archaeological projects in the
Mediterranean over the last two decades. Major excavations and a
multi-volume series of accompanying scientific publications have
made this a key site for our developing understanding of the Roman
and Medieval Mediterranean. Through this set of interwoven
reflections about the archaeology and cultural heritage history of
his twenty-year odyssey in south-west Albania, Richard Hodges
considers how the Butrint Foundation protected and enhanced
Butrint's spirit of place for future generations. Hodges reviews
Virgil's long influence on Butrint and how its topographic
archaeology has now helped to invent a new narrative and identity.
He then describes the struggle of placemaking in Albania during the
early post-communist era, and finally asks, in the light of the
Butrint Foundation's experience, who matters in the shaping of a
place - international regulations, the nation, the archaeologist,
the visitor, the local community or some combination of all of
these stakeholders? With appropriate maps and photographs, this
book aims to offer an unusual but important new direction for
archaeology in the Mediterranean. It should be essential reading
for archaeologists, classical historians, medievalists, cultural
heritage specialists, tourism specialists as well as those
interested in the Mediterranean's past and future.
The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor reflects the results of a
research programme conducted by Charles Higham over the last twenty
years, highlighting much entirely new, and occasionally surprising,
information and providing a distinct perspective on cultural change
over two millennia. The book covers the background of environmental
change, the adoption of rice farming, archaeogenetics, the adoption
of copper-based metallurgy, the iron age and the origins of state
formation.
This series of short volumes, each devoted to a theme which is the
subject of contemporary debate in archaeology, ranges from issues
in theory and method to aspects of world archaeology. This timely,
concise volume enlarges on the debate that still continues
twenty-five years after Richard Hodges' ground-breaking Dark Age
Economics was first published. Special attention is given to the
archaeological, anthropological and historical models about gift
and commodity exchange, pertinent to western Europe during the
seventh to tenth centuries, and how these debates shed new light on
the evolution of towns. One theme of the book examines the role of
the elite in economic practice. Twenty-five years ago
archaeologists and historians challenged this; today,
paradoxically, as government plays a reduced role in managing our
economies, medieval archaeologists and historians concur that the
economics of the Early Middle Ages were highly regulated.
This engaging and well-illustrated volume describes the excavations
of a large urban sector, the so-called Triconch Palace, of the
Adriatic seaport of Butrint. In so doing it adds to the new
paradigm for the development of Roman towns in the Mediterranean.
The book traces the changing nature of this rich and varied area -
from 2nd-century Roman townhouses, to a 4th-century elite domus, to
a Mid Byzantine trading area to late medieval allotments - and
reveals the rhythms of Butrint and its Mediterranean connections.
This is accompanied by discussions of the elaborate mosaic
decoration of the palatial phase and their articulation of elite
living, as well as of in-depth discussions of the implications of
elite and domestic architecture in late antiquity and the Mid
Byzantine period.
Did people in the Iron Age see their bronze figurines and sculpted
stones differently from the way we see them today? How can we
approach the problem of determining how they saw things? How
different was their experience viewing these objects in the course
of their use, from ours as we look at them in museum cases or
through photographs in books?Recent research in cognitive
neuroscience and cognitive psychology forms the theoretical basis
for a new approach to understanding the visual basis of
communication in early Europe. The focus is on societies from the
Early Iron Age to the early medieval period in temperate Europe, at
the time that traditions of writing were gradually being adopted in
this part of the world. Following review of the most relevant
results of new experiments and observations in those sciences,
Peter S. Wells examines the visual aspects of the archaeological
evidence to investigate the role that visuality - the visual
quality of things - played in the expression of the self, in
interaction between members of social groups, in ritual activity,
and in the creation and experience of cultural landscapes.
"In Goodbye to the Vikings?", Richard Hodges uses new
archaeological evidence to re-read the familiar history of the
early Middle Ages. Taking his examples from the fifth to the tenth
centuries, he re-examines many familiar themes, including the
identity of King Arthur, the Pirenne thesis, Marc Bloch on
feudalism, the significance of nationalism in early medieval
archaeology and the place of the Vikings in European history. Some
of the studies are wide-ranging, while others re-examine the
archaeology of the monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno (Italy) in
detail. This book shows how archaeology is making us appreciate the
changing rhythms of early medieval Europe, especially in terms of
the contacts made by traders, pilgrims and travellers.
"Villa to Village" challenges the historical view that hilltop
villages in Italy were first founded in the tenth century. Drawing
upon recent excavations, the authors show that the makings of the
medieval village lie in the demise of the Roman villa in late
antiquity. The book describes the lively debate between
archaeologists and historians on this issue. It also examines the
evidence for the first manorial villages of the Carolingian era and
describes how these were transformed into the familiar feudal
villages that are characteristic of much of Italy.
This text examines the important continuing discussion of the
rebirth of urbanism in Carolingian Europe. Drawing upon a good deal
of new archaeological evidence from southern and northern Europe,
Richard Hodges looks at the end of towns in Roman antiquity, the
phenomenon of the Dark Age emporium, and the hotly disputed
mechanisms which led to the inception of market towns during the
age of Charlemagne. Much use is made, in particular, of recently
excavated evidence from the Mediterranean, as well as from England.
The year 1066 has been regarded traditionally as a great divide in
English history, an apparent break with the past which has gained
even greater status recently as historians have pushed back the
origins of English society to earlier and earlier medieval
generations. Further than 1066 it is difficult to go, for this
marks the point beyond which the English peasantry cannot be
identified from written sources. Archaeology, however, concerned as
it is mainly with small farms and simple town dwellings, has
yielded a wealth of data on life in pre-Conquest England, opening a
vista on the Anglo-Saxon peasantry, the Anglo-Saxon state and the
Anglo-Saxon social and economic structure as a whole which alters
radically our perspective of England's past. In this book Dr Hodges
draws on the growing archaeological record to trace the genesis of
English Culture right back to King Alfred, and even to the
Anglo-Saxon migrations that followed the end of Roman occupation.
In a profound analysis of what gave the English their individuality
he offers a new assessment of the achievements of the first
millennium, showing that a more of less continuous line connects
the age of Bede with the Industrial Revolution.
It was in the second half of the first millennium A.D. that
northern Europe took on the basic configuration that it now
presents. Recently a wealth of new archaeological evidence has
emerged to enable historians to assess the growth of international
trade and the evolution of towns in this crucial period. This book
analyses models of economic evelopment in the light of this new
evidence to evaluate not only the changing character of the first
post-Roman urban centers but also the organization of the
countryside which supported them. Boat remains, coins and trade
artifacts are all examined. Finally, a general account is offered
of the role of towns and trade in the creation of Western Europe.
This is the first synthesis of its kind for the medieval period,
and confirms the importance of archaeology as a major source of
evidence for an understanding of the economic history of the Dark
Ages.
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Paperback
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R398
R330
Discovery Miles 3 300
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