The earliest sites at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania are among the best documented and most important for studies of human evolution. This book investigates the behavior of hominids at Olduvai using data of stone tools and animal bones, as well as the results of work in taphonomy (how animals become fossils), the behavior of mammals, and a wide range of ecological theory and data. By illustrating the ways in which modern and prehistoric evidence is used in making interpretations, the author guides the reader through the geological, ecological, and archeological areas involved in the study of humans. Based on his study of the Olduvai excavations, animal life, and stone tools, the author carefully examines conventional views and proposals about the early Olduvai sites. First, the evidence of site geology, tool cut marks, and other clues to the formation of the Olduvai sites are explored. On this basis, the large mammal communities in which early hominids lived are investigated, using methods which compare sites produced mainly by hominids with others made by carnivores. Questions about hominid hunting, scavenging, and the importance of eating meat are then scrutinized. The leading alternative positions on each issue are discussed, providing a basis for understanding some of the most contentious debates in paleo-anthropology today. The dominant interpretive model for the artifact and bone accumulations at Olduvai and other Plio-Pleistocene sites has been that they represent "home bases," social foci similar to the campsites of hunter-gatherers. Based on paleo-ecological evidence and ecological models, the author critically analyzes the home base interpretation and proposes alternative views. A new view of the Olduvai sites--that they represent stone caches where hominids processed carcasses for food--is shown to have important implications for our understanding of hominid social behavior and evolution.

Pflanzen und ihre Lebensraume - Wie konnen Pflanzen unter speziellen Lebensbedingungen gedeihen, wachsen und sich vermehren? Organismen interagieren mit ihrer Umwelt auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Die fundamentale Einheit geobotanischer Untersuchungen ist der individuelle pflanzliche und mikrobielle Organismus. Seine evolutive Entwicklung ist das Ergebnis eines selektiven Prozesses und seiner Einnischung in spezifische Lebensraume auf einem hoheren Organisationsniveau, den Populationen, den Pflanzengesellschaften und den von ihnen aufgebauten Okosystemen. Die Beziehungsgeflechte von Klima, Boden und biotischen Interaktionen werden dargestellt. Zahlreiche Beispiele erlautern die Gesetzmassigkeiten. Die Autoren zeigen, wie naturliche Prozesse, beispielsweise Verlandungen von Gewassern, funktionieren, Sukzessionen sich auswirken oder auch wie sich Storungen nach Sturmen, Branden oder Klimaanderungen zeigen. Eine Einfuhrung in komplexe Okosysteme."

Breathtaking in scope, this is the first survey of the entire
ecological history of life on land2;from the earliest traces
of terrestrial organisms over 400 million years ago to the
beginning of human agriculture. By providing myriad insights
into the unique ecological information contained in the
fossil record, it establishes a new and ambitious basis for
the study of evolutionary paleoecology of land ecosystems.
A joint undertaking of the Evolution of Terrestrial
Ecosystems Consortium at the National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, and twenty-six additional
researchers, this book begins with four chapters that lay out
the theoretical background and methodology of the science of
evolutionary paleoecology. Included are a comprehensive
review of the taphonomy and paleoenvironmental settings of
fossil deposits as well as guidelines for developing
ecological characterizations of extinct organisms and the
communities in which they lived. The remaining three
chapters treat the history of terrestrial ecosystems through
geological time, emphasizing how ecological interactions have
changed, the rate and tempo of ecosystem change, the role of
exogenous "forcing factors" in generating ecological change,
and the effect of ecological factors on the evolution of
biological diversity.
The six principal authors of this volume are all associated
with the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems program at the
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.