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First published in 1997, this collection of articles, two of which
hitherto only appeared in Dutch, examines the technical changes in
shipbuilding, as well as new practices in shipping and fishing,
from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution. It seeks to
show how these changes transformed the European economy and
affected the relationship between the economy and governments, and
to portray the process, although most dramatic in the Dutch
Republic, as part of a general European phenomenon. The studies
also investigate the causes of these developments, and suggest how
improvements in shipping may have affected patterns of trade and
behaviour of public authorities.
First published in 1997, this collection of articles, two of which
hitherto only appeared in Dutch, examines the technical changes in
shipbuilding, as well as new practices in shipping and fishing,
from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution. It seeks to
show how these changes transformed the European economy and
affected the relationship between the economy and governments, and
to portray the process, although most dramatic in the Dutch
Republic, as part of a general European phenomenon. The studies
also investigate the causes of these developments, and suggest how
improvements in shipping may have affected patterns of trade and
behaviour of public authorities.
A fresh assessment of seaborne activity around England in the later
middle ages, offering a fresh perspective on its rich maritime
heritage. England's relationship with the sea in the later Middle
Ages has been unjustly neglected, a gap which this volume seeks to
fill. The physical fact of the kingdom's insularity made the seas
around England fundamentally important toits development within the
British Isles and in relation to mainland Europe. At times they
acted as barriers; but they also, and more often, served as
highways of exchange, transport and communication, and it is this
aspect whichthe essays collected here emphasise. Mindful that the
exploitation of the sea required specialist technology and
personnel, and that England's maritime frontiers raised serious
issues of jurisdiction, security, and internationaldiplomacy, the
chapters explore several key roles performed by the sea during the
period c.1200-c.1500. Foremost among them is war: the
infrastructure, logistics, politics, and personnel of English
seaborne expeditions are assessed, most notably for the period of
the Hundred Years War. What emerges from this is a demonstration of
the sophisticated, but not infallible, methods of raising and using
ships, men and material for war in a period before England
possessed a permanent navy. The second major facet of England's
relationship with the sea was the generation of wealth: this is
addressed in its own right and as an intrinsic aspect of warfare
and piracy. RICHARD GORSKIis Philip Nicholas Memorial Lecturer in
Maritime History at the University of Hull. Contributors: Richard
Gorski, Richard W. Unger, Susan Rose, Craig Lambert, David Simpkin,
Tony K. Moore, Marcus Pitcaithly, Tim Bowly,Ian Friel
Renaissance map-makers produced ever more accurate descriptions of
geography, which were also beautiful works of art. They filled the
oceans Europeans were exploring with ships and to describe the real
ships which were the newest and best products of technology. Above
all the ships were there to show the European conquest of the seas
of the world.
Ships on maps in the sixteenth century were signs of European
conquest of the seas. Cartographers commemorated the new found
dominion over the oceans by putting the most technically advanced
ships of the day all over oceans, estuaries, rivers, and lakes on
all kinds of maps. Ships virtually never appeared on maps before
1375. The dramatic change from medieval practice had roots in
practical problems but also in exploration and new geographical
knowledge. Map makers produced beautiful works of art and decorated
them with the accomplishments which set Europeans apart from their
classical past and from all the other peoples of the world. "Ships
on Maps" investigates how, long admired but little understood, the
many ships big and small that came to decorate maps in the age when
sailors began to sail around the world were an integral part of the
information summarizing a new age.
The beer of today--brewed from malted grain and hops, manufactured
by large and often multinational corporations, frequently
associated with young adults, sports, and drunkenness--is largely
the result of scientific and industrial developments of the
nineteenth century. Modern beer, however, has little in common with
the drink that carried that name through the Middle Ages and
Renaissance. Looking at a time when beer was often a nutritional
necessity, was sometimes used as medicine, could be flavored with
everything from the bark of fir trees to thyme and fresh eggs, and
was consumed by men, women, and children alike, "Beer in the Middle
Ages" and the Renaissance presents an extraordinarily detailed
history of the business, art, and governance of brewing.During the
medieval and early modern periods beer was as much a daily
necessity as a source of inebriation and amusement. It was the
beverage of choice of urban populations that lacked access to
secure sources of potable water; a commodity of economic as well as
social importance; a safe drink for daily consumption that was less
expensive than wine; and a major source of tax revenue for the
state. In "Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance," Richard W.
Unger has written an encompassing study of beer as both a product
and an economic force in Europe.Drawing from archives in the Low
Countries and England to assemble an impressively complete history,
Unger describes the transformation of the industry from small-scale
production that was a basic part of housewifery to a highly
regulated commercial enterprise dominated by the wealthy and
overseen by government authorities. Looking at the intersecting
technological, economic, cultural, and political changes that
influenced the transformation of brewing over centuries, he traces
how improvements in technology and in the distribution of
information combined to standardize quality, showing how the
process of urbanization created the concentrated markets essential
for commercial production.Weaving together the stories of
prosperous businessmen, skilled brewmasters, and small producers,
this impressively researched overview of the social and cultural
practices that surrounded the beer industry is rich in implication
for the history of the period as a whole.
The role and characteristics of armed force at sea in western
Europe and the Mediterranean prior to 1650. This volume is both a
restatement of current interpretations of sea power in the middle
ages and the Renaissance and a general introduction to naval and
maritime history over four and a half centuries. The book offers
broad conclusions on the role and characteristics of armed force at
sea before 1650, conclusions that exploit the best current
understanding of the medieval period. The examination of naval
militias in the Baltic, permanent galley fleets in the
Mediterranean, contract fleets and the use of reprisal for
political ends all illustrate the variety and complexity of naval
power and domination of the sea in theyears from 1000 to 1650. The
detailed and closely coordinated studies by scholars from Europe,
North America, and Australia show patterns in war at sea and
discuss the influence of the development of ships, guns, and the
language of public policy on maritime conflict. The essays show
theimportance and unique character of violence at sea in the
period. Contributors: JOHN B. HATTENDORF, NIELS LUND, JAN BILL,
TIMOTHY J. RUNYAN, IAN FRIEL, JOHN H. PRYOR, LAWRENCE V. MOTT, JOHN
DOTSON, MICHEL BALARD, BERNARD DOUMERC, MARCO GEMIGNANI, FRANCISCO
CONTENT DOMINGUES, LOUIS SICKING, JAN GLETE, N.A.M. RODGER, RICHARD
W. UNGER.
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