Four years ago the first international symposium dealing with neural transplan tation was organized as a satellite conference to the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Los Angeles, California. The expanded proceed ings of that symposium were published by Springer-Verlag in 1983 in a volume entitled Neural Tissue Transplantation Research. We were sufficiently pleased with the results of that effort to organize a second satellite international sympo sium on Neural Transplantation and Regeneration in conjunction with the 13th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Boston in the fall of 1983. Paralleling the growing body of research dealing with various aspects of neural transplantation, the scope of this second symposium was broadened to include not only transplantation but also regeneration. Additionally, topics of clinical interest were addressed as well as issues of basic research. The promise apparent in that first conference is still seen in the second as more and more investigators apply their talents in an attempt to understand this infant field of research. The present volume represents an expanded version of the material presented at the second symposium. We wish to thank all of the contributors to the conference and to this volume for their insight and their assistance."

Recent outbreaks of illnesses traced to contaminated sprouts and lettuce illustrate the holes that exist in the system for monitoring problems and preventing foodborne diseases. Although it is not solely responsible for ensuring the safety of the nation's food supply, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees monitoring and intervention for 80 percent of the food supply. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's abilities to discover potential threats to food safety and prevent outbreaks of foodborne illness are hampered by impediments to efficient use of its limited resources and a piecemeal approach to gathering and using information on risks. Enhancing Food Safety: The Role of the Food and Drug Administration, a new book from the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, responds to a congressional request for recommendations on how to close gaps in FDA's food safety systems. Enhancing Food Safety begins with a brief review of the Food Protection Plan (FPP), FDA's food safety philosophy developed in 2007. The lack of sufficient detail and specific strategies in the FPP renders it ineffectual. The book stresses the need for FPP to evolve and be supported by the type of strategic planning described in these pages. It also explores the development and implementation of a stronger, more effective food safety system built on a risk-based approach to food safety management. Conclusions and recommendations include adopting a risk-based decision-making approach to food safety; creating a data surveillance and research infrastructure; integrating federal, state, and local government food safety programs; enhancing efficiency of inspections; and more. Although food safety is the responsibility of everyone, from producers to consumers, the FDA and other regulatory agencies have an essential role. In many instances, the FDA must carry out this responsibility against a backdrop of multiple stakeholder interests, inadequate resources, and competing priorities. Of interest to the food production industry, consumer advocacy groups, health care professionals, and others, Enhancing Food Safety provides the FDA and Congress with a course of action that will enable the agency to become more efficient and effective in carrying out its food safety mission in a rapidly changing world. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary Part I: Setting the Stage for Understanding and Improving the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Role in the Food Safety System 1 Introduction 2 The Food Safety System: Context and Current Status Part II: Toward a Stronger and More Effective Food Safety System 3 Adopting a Risk-Based Decision-Making Approach to Food Safety 4 Sharing the Responsibility for a Risk-Based System: Models of Governance and Oversight Part III: Implementation of the New Food Safety System 5 Creating an Integrated Information Infrastructure for a Risk-Based Food Safety System 6 Creating a Research Infrastructure for a Risk-Based Food Safety System 7 Integrating Federal, State, and Local Government Food Safety Programs 8 Enhancing the Efficiency of Inspections 9 Improving Food Safety and Risk Communication 10 Modernizing Legislation to Enhance the U.S. Food Safety System 11 Achieving the Vision of an Efficient Risk-Based Food Safety System Appendix A: Workshop Agendas Appendix B: Past Recommendations About the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Food Safety Program Appendix C: Food Safety Systems in the United States and Other Countries Appendix D: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Food Defense Program Appendix E: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Imported Food Safety Appendix F: Food Safety Research at Intramural and Extramural U.S. Food and Drug Administration Research Centers, by Topic Appendix G: U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Protection Plan Appendix H: Glossary Appendix I: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix J: Committee Member Biographical Sketches

Since the late 1970s when Congressman Claude Pepper held widely publicized hearings on the mistreatment of the elderly, policy makers and practitioners have sought ways to protect older Americans from physical, psychological, and financial abuse. Yet, during the last 20 years fewer than 50 articles have addressed the shameful problem that abusers?and sometimes the abused themselves?want to conceal. Elder Mistreatment in an Aging America takes a giant step toward broadening our understanding of the mistreatment of the elderly and recommends specific research and funding strategies that can be used to deepen it. The book includes a discussion of the conceptual, methodological, and logistical issues needed to create a solid research base as well as the ethical concerns that must be considered when working with older subjects. It also looks at problems in determination of a report's reliability and the role of physicians, EMTs, and others who are among the first to recognize situations of mistreatment. Elder Mistreatment in an Aging America will be of interest to anyone concerned about the elderly and ways to intervene when abuse is suspected, including family members, caregivers, and advocates for the elderly. It will also be of interest to researchers, research sponsors, and policy makers who need to know how to advance our knowledge of this problem. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Concepts, Definitions, and Guidelines for Measurement 3 A Theoretical Model of Elder Mistreatment 4 The Occurrence of Elder Mistreatment 5 Risk Factors for Elder Mistreatment 6 Screening and Case Identification in Clinical Settings 7 Evaluating Interventions 8 Research Ethics 9 Moving Forward References APPENDIX A Elder Mistreatment Measures and Studies APPENDIX B Analysis of Elder Abuse and Neglect Definitions Under State Law APPENDIX C Elder Abuse and Neglect: History and Concepts APPENDIX D Biographical Sketches 10 Elder Mistreatment: Epidemiological Assessment Methodology 11 Ethical and Policy Issues in Research on Elder Abuse and Neglect 12 The Clinical and Medical Forensics of Elder Abuse and Neglect 13 Financial Abuse of the Elderly in Domestic Settings 14 Elder Abuse in Residential Long-Term Care Settings: What Is Known and What Information Is Needed? 15 Elder Abuse Intervention: Lessons from Child Abuse and Domestic Violence Initiatives Index

The nation has made tremendous progress in reducing tobacco use during the past 40 years. Despite extensive knowledge about successful interventions, however, approximately one-quarter of American adults still smoke. Tobacco-related illnesses and death place a huge burden on our society. Ending the Tobacco Problem generates a blueprint for the nation in the struggle to reduce tobacco use. The report reviews effective prevention and treatment interventions and considers a set of new tobacco control policies for adoption by federal and state governments. Carefully constructed with two distinct parts, the book first provides background information on the history and nature of tobacco use, developing the context for the policy blueprint proposed in the second half of the report. The report documents the extraordinary growth of tobacco use during the first half of the 20th century as well as its subsequent reversal in the mid-1960s (in the wake of findings from the Surgeon General). It also reviews the addictive properties of nicotine, delving into the factors that make it so difficult for people to quit and examines recent trends in tobacco use. In addition, an overview of the development of governmental and nongovernmental tobacco control efforts is provided. After reviewing the ethical grounding of tobacco control, the second half of the book sets forth to present a blueprint for ending the tobacco problem. The book offers broad-reaching recommendations targeting federal, state, local, nonprofit and for-profit entities. This book also identifies the benefits to society when fully implementing effective tobacco control interventions and policies. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary Introduction 1 Epidemiology of Tobacco Use: History and Current Trends 2 Factors Perpetuating the Tobacco Problem 3 Containing the Tobacco Problem 4 Reducing Tobacco Use: A Policy Framework 5 Strengthening Traditional Tobacco Control Measures 6 Changing the Regulatory Landscape 7 New Frontiers of Tobacco Control Index Appendix A: Comprehensive Smoking Cessation Policy for All Smokers: Systems Integration to Save Lives and Money Appendix B: Clean Air Laws Appendix C: Warning Labels and Packaging Appendix D: The Long-Term Promise of Effective School-Based Smoking Prevention Programs Appendix E: Adolescents' and Young Adults' Perceptions of Tobacco Use: A Review and Critique of the Current Literature Appendix F: Interventions for Children and Youth in the Health Care Setting Appendix G: Reducing and Preventing Tobacco Use Among Pregnant Women, Parents, and Families Appendix H:Smoking in the Movies: Its Impact on Youth and Youth Smoking Appendix I: State Statutes Governing Direct Shipment of Alcoholic Beverages to Consumers: Precedents for Regulating Tobacco Retail Shipments Appendix J: The Role of Public Policies in Reducing Smoking Prevalence: Results from the SimSmoke Tobacco Policy Simulation Model Appendix K: Commissioned Simulation Modeling of Smoking Prevalence as an Outcome of Selected Tobacco Control Measures Appendix L: Controlling the Retail Sales Environment: Access, Advertising, and Promotional Activities Appendix M: Sales and Marketing of Cigarettes on the Internet: Emerging Threats to Tobacco Control and Promising Policy Solutions Appendix N: Media Campaigns and Tobacco Control Appendix O: Advocacy as a Tobacco Control Strategy Appendix P: Special Populations with Higher Rates of Cigarette Smoking: Identification and Implications for Tobacco Control