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Four years ago the first international symposium dealing with
neural transplan tation was organized as a satellite conference to
the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Los Angeles,
California. The expanded proceed ings of that symposium were
published by Springer-Verlag in 1983 in a volume entitled Neural
Tissue Transplantation Research. We were sufficiently pleased with
the results of that effort to organize a second satellite
international sympo sium on Neural Transplantation and Regeneration
in conjunction with the 13th Annual Meeting of the Society for
Neuroscience in Boston in the fall of 1983. Paralleling the growing
body of research dealing with various aspects of neural
transplantation, the scope of this second symposium was broadened
to include not only transplantation but also regeneration.
Additionally, topics of clinical interest were addressed as well as
issues of basic research. The promise apparent in that first
conference is still seen in the second as more and more
investigators apply their talents in an attempt to understand this
infant field of research. The present volume represents an expanded
version of the material presented at the second symposium. We wish
to thank all of the contributors to the conference and to this
volume for their insight and their assistance."
Recent outbreaks of illnesses traced to contaminated sprouts and
lettuce illustrate the holes that exist in the system for
monitoring problems and preventing foodborne diseases. Although it
is not solely responsible for ensuring the safety of the nation's
food supply, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees
monitoring and intervention for 80 percent of the food supply. The
U.S. Food and Drug Administration's abilities to discover potential
threats to food safety and prevent outbreaks of foodborne illness
are hampered by impediments to efficient use of its limited
resources and a piecemeal approach to gathering and using
information on risks. Enhancing Food Safety: The Role of the Food
and Drug Administration, a new book from the Institute of Medicine
and the National Research Council, responds to a congressional
request for recommendations on how to close gaps in FDA's food
safety systems. Enhancing Food Safety begins with a brief review of
the Food Protection Plan (FPP), FDA's food safety philosophy
developed in 2007. The lack of sufficient detail and specific
strategies in the FPP renders it ineffectual. The book stresses the
need for FPP to evolve and be supported by the type of strategic
planning described in these pages. It also explores the development
and implementation of a stronger, more effective food safety system
built on a risk-based approach to food safety management.
Conclusions and recommendations include adopting a risk-based
decision-making approach to food safety; creating a data
surveillance and research infrastructure; integrating federal,
state, and local government food safety programs; enhancing
efficiency of inspections; and more. Although food safety is the
responsibility of everyone, from producers to consumers, the FDA
and other regulatory agencies have an essential role. In many
instances, the FDA must carry out this responsibility against a
backdrop of multiple stakeholder interests, inadequate resources,
and competing priorities. Of interest to the food production
industry, consumer advocacy groups, health care professionals, and
others, Enhancing Food Safety provides the FDA and Congress with a
course of action that will enable the agency to become more
efficient and effective in carrying out its food safety mission in
a rapidly changing world. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary
Part I: Setting the Stage for Understanding and Improving the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration's Role in the Food Safety System 1
Introduction 2 The Food Safety System: Context and Current Status
Part II: Toward a Stronger and More Effective Food Safety System 3
Adopting a Risk-Based Decision-Making Approach to Food Safety 4
Sharing the Responsibility for a Risk-Based System: Models of
Governance and Oversight Part III: Implementation of the New Food
Safety System 5 Creating an Integrated Information Infrastructure
for a Risk-Based Food Safety System 6 Creating a Research
Infrastructure for a Risk-Based Food Safety System 7 Integrating
Federal, State, and Local Government Food Safety Programs 8
Enhancing the Efficiency of Inspections 9 Improving Food Safety and
Risk Communication 10 Modernizing Legislation to Enhance the U.S.
Food Safety System 11 Achieving the Vision of an Efficient
Risk-Based Food Safety System Appendix A: Workshop Agendas Appendix
B: Past Recommendations About the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration's Food Safety Program Appendix C: Food Safety
Systems in the United States and Other Countries Appendix D: The
U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Food Defense Program Appendix
E: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Imported Food Safety
Appendix F: Food Safety Research at Intramural and Extramural U.S.
Food and Drug Administration Research Centers, by Topic Appendix G:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Protection Plan Appendix H:
Glossary Appendix I: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix J:
Committee Member Biographical Sketches
Since the late 1970s when Congressman Claude Pepper held widely
publicized hearings on the mistreatment of the elderly, policy
makers and practitioners have sought ways to protect older
Americans from physical, psychological, and financial abuse. Yet,
during the last 20 years fewer than 50 articles have addressed the
shameful problem that abusers?and sometimes the abused
themselves?want to conceal. Elder Mistreatment in an Aging America
takes a giant step toward broadening our understanding of the
mistreatment of the elderly and recommends specific research and
funding strategies that can be used to deepen it. The book includes
a discussion of the conceptual, methodological, and logistical
issues needed to create a solid research base as well as the
ethical concerns that must be considered when working with older
subjects. It also looks at problems in determination of a report's
reliability and the role of physicians, EMTs, and others who are
among the first to recognize situations of mistreatment. Elder
Mistreatment in an Aging America will be of interest to anyone
concerned about the elderly and ways to intervene when abuse is
suspected, including family members, caregivers, and advocates for
the elderly. It will also be of interest to researchers, research
sponsors, and policy makers who need to know how to advance our
knowledge of this problem. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive
Summary 1 Introduction 2 Concepts, Definitions, and Guidelines for
Measurement 3 A Theoretical Model of Elder Mistreatment 4 The
Occurrence of Elder Mistreatment 5 Risk Factors for Elder
Mistreatment 6 Screening and Case Identification in Clinical
Settings 7 Evaluating Interventions 8 Research Ethics 9 Moving
Forward References APPENDIX A Elder Mistreatment Measures and
Studies APPENDIX B Analysis of Elder Abuse and Neglect Definitions
Under State Law APPENDIX C Elder Abuse and Neglect: History and
Concepts APPENDIX D Biographical Sketches 10 Elder Mistreatment:
Epidemiological Assessment Methodology 11 Ethical and Policy Issues
in Research on Elder Abuse and Neglect 12 The Clinical and Medical
Forensics of Elder Abuse and Neglect 13 Financial Abuse of the
Elderly in Domestic Settings 14 Elder Abuse in Residential
Long-Term Care Settings: What Is Known and What Information Is
Needed? 15 Elder Abuse Intervention: Lessons from Child Abuse and
Domestic Violence Initiatives Index
The nation has made tremendous progress in reducing tobacco use
during the past 40 years. Despite extensive knowledge about
successful interventions, however, approximately one-quarter of
American adults still smoke. Tobacco-related illnesses and death
place a huge burden on our society. Ending the Tobacco Problem
generates a blueprint for the nation in the struggle to reduce
tobacco use. The report reviews effective prevention and treatment
interventions and considers a set of new tobacco control policies
for adoption by federal and state governments. Carefully
constructed with two distinct parts, the book first provides
background information on the history and nature of tobacco use,
developing the context for the policy blueprint proposed in the
second half of the report. The report documents the extraordinary
growth of tobacco use during the first half of the 20th century as
well as its subsequent reversal in the mid-1960s (in the wake of
findings from the Surgeon General). It also reviews the addictive
properties of nicotine, delving into the factors that make it so
difficult for people to quit and examines recent trends in tobacco
use. In addition, an overview of the development of governmental
and nongovernmental tobacco control efforts is provided. After
reviewing the ethical grounding of tobacco control, the second half
of the book sets forth to present a blueprint for ending the
tobacco problem. The book offers broad-reaching recommendations
targeting federal, state, local, nonprofit and for-profit entities.
This book also identifies the benefits to society when fully
implementing effective tobacco control interventions and policies.
Table of Contents Front Matter Summary Introduction 1 Epidemiology
of Tobacco Use: History and Current Trends 2 Factors Perpetuating
the Tobacco Problem 3 Containing the Tobacco Problem 4 Reducing
Tobacco Use: A Policy Framework 5 Strengthening Traditional Tobacco
Control Measures 6 Changing the Regulatory Landscape 7 New
Frontiers of Tobacco Control Index Appendix A: Comprehensive
Smoking Cessation Policy for All Smokers: Systems Integration to
Save Lives and Money Appendix B: Clean Air Laws Appendix C: Warning
Labels and Packaging Appendix D: The Long-Term Promise of Effective
School-Based Smoking Prevention Programs Appendix E: Adolescents'
and Young Adults' Perceptions of Tobacco Use: A Review and Critique
of the Current Literature Appendix F: Interventions for Children
and Youth in the Health Care Setting Appendix G: Reducing and
Preventing Tobacco Use Among Pregnant Women, Parents, and Families
Appendix H:Smoking in the Movies: Its Impact on Youth and Youth
Smoking Appendix I: State Statutes Governing Direct Shipment of
Alcoholic Beverages to Consumers: Precedents for Regulating Tobacco
Retail Shipments Appendix J: The Role of Public Policies in
Reducing Smoking Prevalence: Results from the SimSmoke Tobacco
Policy Simulation Model Appendix K: Commissioned Simulation
Modeling of Smoking Prevalence as an Outcome of Selected Tobacco
Control Measures Appendix L: Controlling the Retail Sales
Environment: Access, Advertising, and Promotional Activities
Appendix M: Sales and Marketing of Cigarettes on the Internet:
Emerging Threats to Tobacco Control and Promising Policy Solutions
Appendix N: Media Campaigns and Tobacco Control Appendix O:
Advocacy as a Tobacco Control Strategy Appendix P: Special
Populations with Higher Rates of Cigarette Smoking: Identification
and Implications for Tobacco Control
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