2013 Reprint of 1962 Edition. Exact facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. Contains two essays by Martin Luther King Jr. concerning the role of violence in the civil rights movement. During the height of the Civil Rights Movement, Robert Williams organized armed self-defense against the racist violence of the Ku Klux Klan. This is the story of his movement, first established in Monroe, N.C. As prologue, the issues raised by events in Monroe are weighted by Truman Nelson and Martin Luther King Jr. Illustrated.

In Two Volumes. This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

In Two Volumes. This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

In Two Volumes. This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

Through illuminating case studies of reform efforts in Alabama, California, Colorado, Florida, New York, and Virginia, this book--the first of three volumes--provides the first systematic analysis of the political obstacles to state constitutional reform. For those seeking constitutional reform, this useful resource can spell the difference between success and failure, and for those interested in state politics or constitutional politics, it offers rare insight into a distincive aspect of American constitutionalism. Written by eminent scholars who were, in many cases, also active participants in the reform campaign, the essays provide practical experience, expert analysis, and lessons for future constitional reformers.

Whether federalism and subnational constitutions contribute to or undermine minority rights has long been a subject of controversy. Within the United States, the general view has been that federalism has been detrimental to minority rights. In contrast, other countries have seen federalism as crucial in safeguarding rights of ethnic and religious minorities. This volume provides the basis for a more nuanced assessment of the contributions of federalism and subnational constitutions to protecting minority rights by studying their impact in a variety of federal systems.

This work explores both mature federal systems (Switzerland, United States) systems in transition (Belgium, Bosnia, Herzegovina), both quasifederal (Italy, Spain) and well-established systems (Germany), both systems with considerable homogeneity of population (Austria) and systems with extraordinary diversity (India). It also analyses the various constitutional arrangements that federal systems have devised for safeguarding minority rights and given them a voice in political deliberations.

Whether federalism and subnational constitutions contribute to or undermine minority rights has long been a subject of controversy. Within the United States, the general view has been that federalism has been detrimental to minority rights. In contrast, other countries have seen federalism as crucial in safeguarding rights of ethnic and religious minorities. This volume provides the basis for a more nuanced assessment of the contributions of federalism and subnational constitutions to protecting minority rights by studying their impact in a variety of federal systems. This work explores both mature federal systems (Switzerland, United States) systems in transition (Belgium, Bosnia, Herzegovina), both quasifederal (Italy, Spain) and well-established systems (Germany), both systems with considerable homogeneity of population (Austria) and systems with extraordinary diversity (India). It also analyses the various constitutional arrangements that federal systems have devised for safeguarding minority rights and given them a voice in political deliberations.

First published in 1962, Negroes with Guns is the story of a southern black community's struggle to arm itself in self-defense against the Ku Klux Klan and other racist groups. Frustrated and angered by violence condoned or abetted by the local authorities against blacks, the small community of Monroe, North Carolina, brought the issue of armed self-defense to the forefront of the civil rights movement. Under the leadership of Robert F. Williams (1925-1996), Monroe became the test case of the right of blacks to armed self-defense when law and order broke down.

In 1961 Williams was framed for kidnapping and had to flee the country with his family. From exile in Cuba, Williams told his story of the Monroe case to Marc Schleifer in a three-hour interview, beginning with his return to his home town of Monroe in 1955 as a veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps, when he joined the local chapter of the NAACP. Williams described his involvement, supplemented by material from Williams' articles and editorials featured in the newsletter, The Crusader -- which Williams and his wife Mabel continued to publish in Cuba for a circulation of thousands -- and an interview with John Schultz first published in Studies on the Left. These materials became Negroes with Guns.

The single most important intellectual influence on Huey P. Newton, the founder of the Black Panther Party, Negroes with Guns is a classic story of a man who risked his life for democracy and freedom.

Comparative constitutionalism has always been an important field of study. It has gained new importance, and practical urgency with the advent of emerging democratic governments. As part of the study of comparative constitutionalism, federal constitutional systems have also taken on a renewed interest at the beginning of the 21st century. Russia and South Africa present fascinating examples of emerging federal systems in which sub-national constitutions are beginning to play an important role. Within the field of comparative federal constitutional law, though, the study of state or subnational constitutions is only just becoming a major focal point of world-wide interest. Sub-national constitutions have been, and generally remain, low-visibility constitutions. Studies of constitutional federalism have tended to be almost exclusively top-down looks at the national constitution and its federal features rather than a bottom-up look at the national constituions themselves. A system of constitutional federalism cannot be fully understood without analyzing the constitutional arrangements within the constituent units. The marketplace for the constitutional ideas generated in the laboratories of states within the federal systems is rapidly expanding worldwide. There are several dozen bona fide federal political systems in the world, as well as unitary political systems that include federal arrangements. There is a range of general questions to be asked about the constitutions of states within any federal system. The contributions to this volume, in addition to their intrinsic interest, should serve as a database for answering those questions and describing the extraordinary diversity within and among subnational constitutions in federal systems. Moreover, each of the contributions include the texts of a number of representative sub-national constitutions.