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This book brings together studies by experts in the study of
religion in nineteenth century Iran. Broad areas covered include
the relationship between religion and the state, the importance of
archival materials for the study of religion, the developments in
Qajar religious thought, the position of religious minorities in
Qajar Iran and the relationship between religion and Qajar culture.
The centrality of Shi'ite Islam to any understanding of Qajar
religion is emphasised, though non-Muslim religious communities,
and their relationship with the Shi'ite hierarchy and the state are
also studied. For the first time, a collection of studies by the
leading researchers in the field are collected in one place. The
collection represents the proceedings of a conference in September
2000 at the University of Bristol.
This book brings together studies by experts in the study of
religion in nineteenth century Iran. Broad areas covered include
the relationship between religion and the state, the importance of
archival materials for the study of religion, the developments in
Qajar religious thought, the position of religious minorities in
Qajar Iran and the relationship between religion and Qajar culture.
The centrality of Shi'ite Islam to any understanding of Qajar
religion is emphasised, though non-Muslim religious communities,
and their relationship with the Shi'ite hierarchy and the state are
also studied. For the first time, a collection of studies by the
leading researchers in the field are collected in one place. The
collection represents the proceedings of a conference in September
2000 at the University of Bristol.
The Gibb Memorial Trust, founded at the start of the 20th century,
comprised among its trustees some of the most celebrated and
prominent orientalists of their day. Together, they sponsored and
supported research on editing and translating Arabic, Persian and
Turkish manuscripts on a range of subjects, from history,
literature, geography and poetry to Sufism and the Islamic
sciences. This volume covers the development of Middle Eastern and
Islamic Studies over the last 120 years or so, as seen through the
biographies of the leading scholars of the period. It opens with a
short history of the Trust, before presenting a series of short
biographical and often personal appreciations of these eminent
Middle Eastern scholars of the past, written by existing trustees.
In providing a history of this important institution, the book
shines a light on the history and development of Middle Eastern and
Islamic Studies in Britain more broadly.
Muslim attitudes toward violence have been reshaped in light of the
colonial context since the 18th and 19th centuries, and in response
to regional and world-changing events of the contemporary period.
This volume shows the diversity of approaches to violence in
Islamic thought, avoiding the limiting characterisations of Islam
being inherently'violent' or 'peaceful'.It shows how ideas of
'justified violence' grounded in Islamic theological and juristic
traditions re-occur throughout history, up to the contemporary
period. Chapters on earlier events provide context for contemporary
debates on violence, showing how traditional legal and theological
ideas (such as the sovereignty of God's law and peace treaties) are
used to both legitimise and de-legitimise violence.This is the
final volume in the Violence in Islamic Thought trilogy. Taken
together the 3 books cover key aspects of violence in Islamic
thought from the earliest time to the present day, mapping a
trajectory of thinking about violence over fourteen centuries of
Islamic history.
This volume shows the diversity of approaches to violence in
Islamic thought between the 19th century and the present day,
avoiding the limiting characterisations of Islam being inherently
'violent' or 'peaceful'. It shows how ideas of 'justified violence'
- grounded in Islamic theological and juristic traditions - reoccur
throughout history, up to the contemporary period. Chapters on
earlier events provide context for contemporary debates on
violence, showing how traditional legal and theological ideas (such
as the sovereignty of God's law and peace treaties) are used to
both legitimise and de-legitimise violence.
One of the characteristics of the 'conservative religious revival'
movements in Judaism, Christianity and Islam is the commitment to a
scriptural text as the sole source of knowledge, and an insistence
on the literal interpretation of this text. However little has been
to done to investigate this phenomenon of interpretation which
proposes the literal meaning as the only acceptable one. This book
fills this gap with respect to Islam, looking both at literal
meaning and literalism. The focus is on the tradition of Muslim
legal writings: in this literature there exists a complex procedure
of how to identify the literal meaning and the role it has in
interpreting texts. The author also makes reference to Quranic
exegesis (tafsir) and Arabic rhetorical works, since many of the
ideas of legal hermeneutics were derived from these cognate
traditions of learning. The overall aim is to take an important
modern phenomenon (Muslim commitment to the literal meaning of the
revelatory texts) and place it in an historical context. The Muslim
debates analysed in the book are described through the prism of
modern Western linguistic philosophy, and a chronology of the
development of Muslim conceptions of literal meaning structures the
book.
The violent conquest of the eastern part of the lands under Muslim
rule by the Mongols marked a new period in the history of Islamic
civilisation and in attitudes towards violence. This volume
examines the various intellectual and cultural reactions of Muslim
thinkers to these events, both within and without the territories
subjected to Mongol control. Each chapter examines how violent acts
were assessed by Muslim intellectuals, analysing both changes and
continuity within Islamic thought over time. Each chapter is
structured around a case study in which violent acts are justified
or condemned, revealing the variety of attitudes to violence in the
medieval period. They are framed by a detailed introduction,
focusing on theoretical perspectives on violence and religion and
their application, or otherwise, to medieval Islam.
This book traces the emergence and development of the idea of
literal meaning in Islamic legal hermeneutics. Literal meaning is
what a text means in itself, regardless of what its author intends
to convey or the reader understands to be its message. As Islamic
law is based on the central texts of Islam, the idea of a literal
meaning that rules over human attempts to understand God's message
has resulted in a series of debates amongst modern Muslim legal
theorists. In this reading of Islamic legal hermeneutics, Robert
Gleave explores various competing notions of literal meaning,
linked to both theological doctrine and historical developments,
together with insights from modern semantic and pragmatic
philosophers. It focuses on Islamic legal writings, with reference
to Qur'anic exegesis (tafsir) and Arabic rhetorical works. It
describes Muslim debates through the lens of modern Western
linguistic philosophy, opening the topic up for Western scholars.
The diverse studies presented in this volume recount the
production, understanding and organisation of Muslim literature,
both in the Muslim world and Western Europe. First, there are
bio-bibliographical studies of Middle Eastern and Muslim
literature, in which contributors examine texts and their
interrelations in a series of discrete studies, demonstrating how
bio-bibliography is reliant on the resources devised and maintained
by librarians. Recurrent themes include the vexed question of
"authorship"; extant books, tracts or reports are attributed to
particular authors, but their content, at times, seems to indicate
an alternative author. In the second section, the focus is on the
advancement of the study of this literary heritage outside of the
Muslim world, primarily in Western Europe. These studies describe
the processes and individuals within the development of the western
study of the Islamicate world and reflect some of the interests of
Paul Auchterlonie, to whom the volume is dedicated.
This classic study deals with the theory and practice of Islamic
law in both the formative classic and modern periods and over a
range of societies. It is divided into four sections dealing with
legal theory; fatwas and muftis in classical Islamic law; the
position of religious minorities under Islamic law, and modern
developments in Islamic law. The book explores the concept of
Ijtihad, or juristic disgression--the process through which a
jurist apprehends God's law and can turn it into a legal
ruling--and how this has influenced the formulations of law in both
Sunni and Shi'i Islam. The subject is viewed from an historical as
well as a theoretical angle.
The violent conquest of the eastern part of the lands under Muslim
rule by the Mongols marked a new period in the history of Islamic
civilisation and in attitudes towards violence. This volume
examines the various intellectual and cultural reactions of Muslim
thinkers to these events, both within and without the territories
subjected to Mongol control. Each chapter examines how violent acts
were assessed by Muslim intellectuals, analysing both changes and
continuity within Islamic thought over time. Each chapter is
structured around a case study in which violent acts are justified
or condemned, revealing the variety of attitudes to violence in the
medieval period. They are framed by a detailed introduction,
focusing on theoretical perspectives on violence and religion and
their application, or otherwise, to medieval Islam.
Ten years after his untimely death, Norman Calder is still
considered a luminary in the field of Islamic law. At the time he
was one among a handful of scholars from the West who were
beginning to engage with the subject. In the intervening years,
much has changed, and Islamic law is now understood as fundamental
to any engagement with the study of Islam, its history, and its
society, and Dr. Calder s work is integral to that engagement. In
this book, Colin Imber has put together and edited four essays by
Norman Calder that have never been previously published. Typically
incisive, they categorize and analyze the different genres of
Islamic juristic literature that was produced between the tenth and
fourteenth centuries, showing what function they served both in the
preservation of Muslim legal and religious traditions and in the
day-to-day lives of their communities. The essays also examine the
status and role of the jurists themselves and are to be
particularly welcomed for giving clear answers to the controversial
questions of how far Islamic law and juristic thinking changed over
the centuries, and how far it was able to adapt to new
circumstances. In his introduction to the volume, Robert Gleave
assesses the place and importance of Norman Calder s work in the
field of Islamic legal studies. This is a groundbreaking book from
one of the most important scholars of his generation."
Ten years after his untimely death, Norman Calder is still
considered a luminary in the field of Islamic law. At the time he
was one among a handful of scholars from the West who were
beginning to engage with the subject. In the intervening years,
much has changed, and Islamic law is now understood as fundamental
to any engagement with the study of Islam, its history, and its
society, and Dr. Calder s work is integral to that engagement. In
this book, Colin Imber has put together and edited four essays by
Norman Calder that have never been previously published. Typically
incisive, they categorize and analyze the different genres of
Islamic juristic literature that was produced between the tenth and
fourteenth centuries, showing what function they served both in the
preservation of Muslim legal and religious traditions and in the
day-to-day lives of their communities. The essays also examine the
status and role of the jurists themselves and are to be
particularly welcomed for giving clear answers to the controversial
questions of how far Islamic law and juristic thinking changed over
the centuries, and how far it was able to adapt to new
circumstances. In his introduction to the volume, Robert Gleave
assesses the place and importance of Norman Calder s work in the
field of Islamic legal studies. This is a groundbreaking book from
one of the most important scholars of his generation."
How was violence justified in early Islam? What role did violent
actions play in the formation and maintenance of the Muslim
political order? How did Muslim thinkers view the origins and
acceptability of violence? These questions are addressed by an
international range of eminent authors through both general
accounts of types of violence and detailed case studies of violent
acts drawn from the early Islamic sources. Violence is understood,
widely, to include jiha d, state repressions and rebellions, and
also more personally directed violence against victims (women,
animals, children, slaves) and criminals. By understanding the
early development of Muslim thinking around violence, our
comprehension of subsequent trends in Islamic thought, during the
medieval period and up to the modern day, become clearer.
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