This historical survey of parallel processing from 1980 to 2020 is a follow-up to the authors' 1981 Tutorial on Parallel Processing, which covered the state of the art in hardware, programming languages, and applications. Here, we cover the evolution of the field since 1980 in: parallel computers, ranging from the Cyber 205 to clusters now approaching an exaflop, to multicore microprocessors, and Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) in commodity personal devices; parallel programming notations such as OpenMP, MPI message passing, and CUDA streaming notation; and seven parallel applications, such as finite element analysis and computer vision. Some things that looked like they would be major trends in 1981, such as big Single Instruction Multiple Data arrays disappeared for some time but have been revived recently in deep neural network processors. There are now major trends that did not exist in 1980, such as GPUs, distributed memory machines, and parallel processing in nearly every commodity device. This book is intended for those that already have some knowledge of parallel processing today and want to learn about the history of the three areas. In parallel hardware, every major parallel architecture type from 1980 has scaled-up in performance and scaled-out into commodity microprocessors and GPUs, so that every personal and embedded device is a parallel processor. There has been a confluence of parallel architecture types into hybrid parallel systems. Much of the impetus for change has been Moore's Law, but as clock speed increases have stopped and feature size decreases have slowed down, there has been increased demand on parallel processing to continue performance gains. In programming notations and compilers, we observe that the roots of today's programming notations existed before 1980. And that, through a great deal of research, the most widely used programming notations today, although the result of much broadening of these roots, remain close to target system architectures allowing the programmer to almost explicitly use the target's parallelism to the best of their ability. The parallel versions of applications directly or indirectly impact nearly everyone, computer expert or not, and parallelism has brought about major breakthroughs in numerous application areas. Seven parallel applications are studied in this book.

For three long years, the entire Kuhn family suffered through a mysterious illness that no doctor could identify. They had been everywhere and tried everything. MRIs, CT scans, diagnostic ultrasounds, panels of blood work, hormone testing, urinalysis; you name it, they did it. Visiting general practitioners, emergency room doctors, specialists in every field of medicine and several different hospitals provided no answers. They were in trouble. Dr. Rob Kuhn, his wife, Wendy, and their three children, Alex, Nick, and Nolan, rode this rollercoaster of misdiagnosis and non-diagnosis nearly all the way to their graves. Finally in May of 2008, through a truly synchronistic event, they discovered that they were being attacked by a deadly biotoxin. At last, they had an answer. Sadly, the new challenge became the fact that traditional medicine has a very poor track record in treating biotoxic illness. Another solution had to be found. In Return to Health, Dr. Kuhn shares with you the challenges that his family faced and how they were able to overcome them through the use of functional medicine techniques. Inspired by his own health turnaround, he changed the focus of his practice and began taking care of people with chronic conditions. Now board certified in integrative medicine, Dr. Kuhn enjoys the rewarding feeling of helping people whose health problems are the worst of the worst. Autoimmune conditions, type-II diabetes, fibromyalgia, hypothyroidism, biotoxic illness, and those strange mystery conditions are all in a day's work for this natural healthcare physician. This situation may sound familiar to you. You may be watching your health deteriorate while getting no answers. If you have been suffering with health problems that nobody has been able to figure out, read Return to Health.

For three long years, the entire Kuhn family suffered through a mysterious illness that no doctor could identify. They had been everywhere and tried everything. MRIs, CT scans, diagnostic ultrasounds, panels of blood work, hormone testing, urinalysis; you name it, they did it. Visiting general practitioners, emergency room doctors, specialists in every field of medicine and several different hospitals provided no answers. They were in trouble. Dr. Rob Kuhn, his wife, Wendy, and their three children, Alex, Nick, and Nolan, rode this rollercoaster of misdiagnosis and non-diagnosis nearly all the way to their graves. Finally in May of 2008, through a truly synchronistic event, they discovered that they were being attacked by a deadly biotoxin. At last, they had an answer. Sadly, the new challenge became the fact that traditional medicine has a very poor track record in treating biotoxic illness. Another solution had to be found. In Return to Health, Dr. Kuhn shares with you the challenges that his family faced and how they were able to overcome them through the use of functional medicine techniques. Inspired by his own health turnaround, he changed the focus of his practice and began taking care of people with chronic conditions. Now board certified in integrative medicine, Dr. Kuhn enjoys the rewarding feeling of helping people whose health problems are the worst of the worst. Autoimmune conditions, type-II diabetes, fibromyalgia, hypothyroidism, biotoxic illness, and those strange mystery conditions are all in a day's work for this natural healthcare physician. This situation may sound familiar to you. You may be watching your health deteriorate while getting no answers. If you have been suffering with health problems that nobody has been able to figure out, read Return to Health.

This book outlines the history of rickets, a disease commonly associated with childhood, and studies its association with race and its long-reaching effects on childbirth. For centuries, the condition was recognized but poorly understood. For females, rickets could pose a double jeopardy: suffering in childhood and severe danger in adulthood when giving birth. The disease could result in a contracted pelvis that obstructs the birth canal. Medical researchers were faced with two distinct challenges: unravelling the aetiology of rickets and ensuring the safety of women giving birth. Solving the riddle of rickets proved especially difficult. Thought variously to be a disease of industrial cities and children of the poor, grounded in lack of exercise or sunlight, or the product racial difference, the condition defied analysis until the discovery of vitamin D early in the 20th century. The dangers of rickets radically diminished. Medical intervention in childbirth continued, and birth increasingly shifted from the home to the hospital. Medical practitioners justified intervention by emphasizing the dangers of pelvic disproportion, continually enlarging the definition to gain full control of birth. Often conditioned by racial assumptions, surgical experimentation promoted common use of anaesthesia and a radical increase in caesarean sections, and birth became a colder, more clinical experience.

Die Mediennutzung im Allgemeinen und die H rfunknutzung im Speziellen haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren und Jahrzehnten ebenso ver ndert, wie sie sich auch in den kommenden Jahren ver ndern wird. Seit fast zehn Jahren wird die f r die Finanzierung der Privatradios wesentliche Erhebung der H rerzahlen mit dem oft und von vielen Seiten kritisierten Befragungssystem der Media-Analyse-Radio durchgef hrt. W hrend dieser Zeit sind zahlreiche neue Erhebungsmethoden in anderen europ ischen L ndern getestet und teilweise eingef hrt worden. Eines der Systeme, welches bereits seit mehreren Jahren eingesetzt wird, ist das Radiocontrolsystem der Schweiz, bei dem die Probanden nicht mehr befragt werden, sondern ihr H rverhalten durch eine Armbanduhr gemessen wird. Der Autor untersucht in seiner Arbeit, ob Radiocontrol tats chlich zuverl ssigere und korrektere Ergebnisse liefern kann als die Media-Analyse Radio und ob ein Einsatz von Radiocontrol in Deutschland berhaupt umsetzbar ist.

The most critical need second only to military support for the State of Israel is the economic expansion of its science-based industry--an industry that exploded in the 1970's due to a flood of public support for technological advancement. "Industrial Research and Development in Israel" investigates Israel's present industrial research situation and maps out the years to come as the nation strives to escalate its export of self-developed products. The author's detailed description of Israel's present research and development (R&D) status will interest management scholars concerned with high technology issues and questions relating to commercialized defense technology, as well as students of military and Middle East studies.

The re-established forests of the Upper Delaware are a living reminder of centuries of both exploitation and good intentions. Emerging after the last glaciation, they were first modified by Native Americans to promote hunting and limited agriculture. The forests began to disappear as European settlers clear-cut farmland and fed sawmills and tanneries. The advent of the railroad accelerated demand and within 30 years industry consumed virtually every mature tree in the valley, leaving barren hillsides subject to erosion and flooding. As unchecked cutting continued, conservation efforts began to save what little remained. A century and a half later, a forest for the 21st century has emerged-an ecological patchwork protected by a web of governmental agencies, yet still subject to danger from humans.

A Wider View of the Universe traces the origins and development of Henry David Thoreau's painstaking and profound study of the natural world. Arguing that Thoreau in his early career did not perceive nature a worthy subject for his pen, the author chronicles his growing interest and the reasons behind the shift in viewpoint. Making do with a superficial knowledge of nature-even while living at Walden Pond-Thoreau began to study the subject more acutely in 1849 and 1850. Over the next dozen years, he applied himself especially to botany and ornithology, while seeking to integrate this more exact knowledge into the large patterns of life. Independently deriving what now would be considered an ecological world view, Thoreau devoted the last years of his writing career to nature studies, written in his own unique and exacting fashion. Henry Thoreau wrote after the fashion of a painter. How he arrived at this art provides an intriguing and arresting story.

Lord Peter Wimsey-amateur detective, man of fashion, talented musician, and wealthy intellectual-is known to legions of readers. His enduring presence and popularity is a tribute to his creator, Dorothy L. Sayers, who brought Lord Peter to life during "the long week-end" between the First and Second World Wars, as British aristocracy began to change, making way for a modern world. In Conundrums for the Long Week-End, Robert McGregor and Ethan Lewis explore how Sayers used her fictional hero to comment on, and come to terms with, the social upheaval of the time: world wars, the crumbling of the privileged aristocracy, the rise of democracy, and the expanding struggle of women for equality.