This collection of lectures treats the dynamics of open systems with a strong emphasis on dissipation phenomena related to dynamical chaos. This research area is very broad, covering topics such as nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, environment-system coupling (decoherence) and applications of Markov semi-groups to name but a few. The book addresses not only experienced researchers in the field but also nonspecialists from related areas of research, postgraduate students wishing to enter the field and lecturers searching for advanced textbook material.

The central theme of this lecture collection is quantum dynamics, regarded mostly as the dynamics of entanglement and that of decoherence phenomena. Both these concepts appear to refer to the behavior of surprisingly fragile features of quantum systems supposed to model quantum memories and to implement quantum date processing routines. This collection may serve as an essential resource for those interested in both theoretical description and practical applications of fundamentals of quantum mechanics.

The present volume contains expanded and substantially reworked records of invitedlecturesdeliveredduringthe38thKarpaczWinterSchoolofTheoretical Physics on "Dynamical Semigroups: Dissipation, Chaos, Quanta", which took placeinLadek , Zdr' oj,(Poland)intheperiod6-15February2002. Themainpurposeoftheschoolwastocreateaplatformfortheconfrontation ofviewpointsandresearchmethodologiesrepresentedbytwogroupsofexperts actually working in the very same area of theoretical physics. This situation is quite distinct in non-equilibrium statistical physics of open systems, where classicalandquantumaspectsareaddressedseparatelybymeansofverydi?erent andevenincompatibleformaltools. TheschooltopicsselectionbytheLecturersreads:dissipativedynamicsand chaoticbehaviour,modelsofenvironment-systemcouplingandmodelsofth- mostats;non-equilibriumstatisticalmechanicsandfarfromequilibriumphen- ena;quantumopensystems,decoherenceandlinkstoquantumchaos;quantum andclassicalapplicationsofMarkovsemigroupsandthevalidityofMarkovian approximations. Theorganizingprincipleforthewholeendeavourwastheissueofthedyn- ics of open systems and more speci?cally -15February2002. Themainpurposeoftheschoolwastocreateaplatformfortheconfrontation ofviewpointsandresearchmethodologiesrepresentedbytwogroupsofexperts actually working in the very same area of theoretical physics. This situation is quite distinct in non-equilibrium statistical physics of open systems, where classicalandquantumaspectsareaddressedseparatelybymeansofverydi?erent andevenincompatibleformaltools. TheschooltopicsselectionbytheLecturersreads:dissipativedynamicsand chaoticbehaviour,modelsofenvironment-systemcouplingandmodelsofth- mostats;non-equilibriumstatisticalmechanicsandfarfromequilibriumphen- ena;quantumopensystems,decoherenceandlinkstoquantumchaos;quantum andclassicalapplicationsofMarkovsemigroupsandthevalidityofMarkovian approximations. Theorganizingprincipleforthewholeendeavourwastheissueofthedyn- ics of open systems and more speci?cally - thedynamics of dissipation. Since this research area is extremely broad and varied, no single book can cover all importantdevelopments. Therefore,linkswithdynamicalchaoswerechosento representasupplementaryconstraint. Theprogrammeoftheschoolandits?naloutcomeintheformofthepresent volumehasbeenshapedwiththehelpofthescienti?ccommitteecomprising:R. Alicki,Ph. Blanchard,J. R. Dorfman,G. Gallavotti,P. Gaspard,I. Guarneri, ? F. Haake, M. Ku's, A. Lasota, B. Zegarlinski ' and K. Zyczkowski. Some of the committeememberstookchargeoflecturingtoo. Weconveyourthankstoall ofthem. Wewouldliketoexpresswordsofgratitudetomembersofthelocalorgan- ingcommittee,W. Ceg laandP. Lugiewicz, fortheirhelp. Specialthanksmust beextendedtoMrsAnnaJadczykforherhelpatvariousstagesoftheschool organizationandthecompetenteditorialassistance. Theschoolwas?nanciallysupportedbytheUniversityofWroc law,Univ- sityofZielonaG' ora,PolishMinistryofEducation,PolishAcademyofSciences, FoundationfortheKarpaczWinterSchoolofTheoreticalPhysicsandthe- nationfromtheDrWilhelmHeinrichHeraeusundElseHeraeusStiftung. Wrocla wandZielonaG' ora,Poland PiotrGarbaczewski June2002 RobertOlkiewicz TableofContents Introduction...1 ChapterI NonequilibriumDynamics SomeRecentAdvancesinClassicalStatisticalMechanics E. G. D. Cohen...7 DeterministicThermostatsandFluctuationRelations L. Rondoni...35 WhatIstheMicroscopicResponseofaSystem DrivenFarFromEquilibrium? C. Jarzynski...63 Non-equilibriumStatisticalMechanics ofClassicalandQuantumSystems D. Kusnezov,E. Lutz,K. Aoki...8 3 ChapterII DynamicsofRelaxationandChaoticBehaviour DynamicalTheoryofRelaxation inClassicalandQuantumSystems P. Gaspard...111 RelaxationandNoiseinChaoticSystems S. Fishman,S. Rahav...165 FractalStructuresinthePhaseSpace ofSimpleChaoticSystemswithTransport J. R. Dorfman...193 ChapterIII DynamicalSemigroups MarkovSemigroupsandTheirApplications R. Rudnicki,K. Pich'or,M. Tyran-Kaminska ' ...215 VIII TableofContents InvitationtoQuantumDynamicalSemigroups R. Alicki...239 FiniteDissipativeQuantumSystems M. Fannes...265 CompletePositivityinDissipativeQuantumDynamics F. Benatti,R. Floreanini,R. Romano...283 QuantumStochasticDynamicalSemigroup W. A. Majewski ...305 ChapterIV Driving,DissipationandControlinQuantumSystems DrivenChaoticMesoscopicSystems, DissipationandDecoherence D. Cohen...317 QuantumStateControlinCavityQED T. WellensandA. Buchleitner...351 SolvingSchrodinger'sEquationforanOpenSystem andItsEnvironment W. T. Strunz...377 ChapterV DynamicsofLargeSystems ThermodynamicBehaviorofLargeDynamicalSystems -Quantum1dConductorandClassicalMultibakerMap- S. Tasaki...395 CoherentandDissipativeTransport inAperiodicSolids:AnOverview J. Bellissard...