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This volume, intended both for advanced students and scholars of
linguistics, traces the many strands of study in the field of word
formation that have developed since the seminal work of Marchand
and Lees in the 1960s. In mapping the state of the art in the field
of word formation, it avoids a biased approach by presenting
different, but mutually complementary frameworks within which
research into word formation has taken place. It covers the
historical development of theories of word formation within
generative grammar, and affords a solid introduction to the
treatment of word formation in cognitive grammar, natural
morphology, optimality theory, Lexeme Morpheme Base Morphology,
onomasiological theory, and other recent frameworks. Each topic is
presented by an expert who has contributed significantly to the
field. In addition to surveying theoretical developments from both
European and North American perspectives, it looks specifically at
individual English word formation processes (derivation,
compounding, conversion) and reviews some of the ways in which they
have been analyzed since Marchanda (TM)s comprehensive treatment
nearly five decades ago.
This text traces the many strands of study in the field of word
formation that have developed since the seminal work of Marchand
and Lees in the 1960s. It covers the historical development of
theories of word formation within generative grammar.
A lively introduction to morphology, this textbook is intended for
undergraduates with relatively little background in linguistics. It
shows students how to find and analyze morphological data and
presents them with basic concepts and terminology concerning the
mental lexicon, inflection, derivation, morphological typology,
productivity, and the interfaces between morphology and syntax on
the one hand and phonology on the other. By the end of the text
students are ready to understand morphological theory and how to
support or refute theoretical proposals. Providing data from a wide
variety of languages, the text includes hands-on activities
designed to encourage students to gather and analyse their own
data. The third edition has been thoroughly updated with new
examples and exercises. Chapter 2 now includes an updated detailed
introduction to using linguistic corpora, and there is a new final
chapter covering several current theoretical frameworks.
A lively introduction to morphology, this textbook is intended for
undergraduates with relatively little background in linguistics. It
shows students how to find and analyze morphological data and
presents them with basic concepts and terminology concerning the
mental lexicon, inflection, derivation, morphological typology,
productivity, and the interfaces between morphology and syntax on
the one hand and phonology on the other. By the end of the text
students are ready to understand morphological theory and how to
support or refute theoretical proposals. Providing data from a wide
variety of languages, the text includes hands-on activities
designed to encourage students to gather and analyse their own
data. The third edition has been thoroughly updated with new
examples and exercises. Chapter 2 now includes an updated detailed
introduction to using linguistic corpora, and there is a new final
chapter covering several current theoretical frameworks.
Using extensive data from the Corpus of Contemporary American
English (Davies, 2008), this groundbreaking book shows that the
syntactic patterns in which English nominalizations can be found
and the range of possible readings they can express are very
different from what has been claimed in past theoretical
treatments, and therefore that previous treatments cannot be
correct. Lieber argues that the relationship between form and
meaning in the nominalization processes of English is virtually
never one-to-one, but rather forms a complex web that can be
likened to a derivational ecosystem. Using the Lexical Semantic
Framework (LSF), she develops an analysis that captures the
interrelatedness and context dependence of nominal readings, and
suggests that the key to the behavior of nominalizations is that
their underlying semantic representations are underspecified in
specific ways and that their ultimate interpretation must be fixed
in context using processes available within the LSF.
The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology is intended as a
companion volume to The Oxford Handbook of Compounding (OUP 2009)
Written by distinguished scholars, its 41 chapters aim to provide a
comprehensive and thorough overview of the study of derivational
morphology. The handbook begins with an overview and a
consideration of definitional matters, distinguishing derivation
from inflection on the one hand and compounding on the other. From
a formal perspective, the handbook treats affixation (prefixation,
suffixation, infixation, circumfixation, etc.), conversion,
reduplication, root and pattern and other templatic processes, as
well as prosodic and subtractive means of forming new words. From a
semantic perspective, it looks at the processes that form various
types of adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and verbs, as well as
evaluatives and the rarer processes that form function words. The
book also surveys derivation in fifteen language families that are
widely dispersed in terms of both geographical location and
typological characteristics.
Using extensive data from the Corpus of Contemporary American
English (Davies, 2008), this groundbreaking book shows that the
syntactic patterns in which English nominalizations can be found
and the range of possible readings they can express are very
different from what has been claimed in past theoretical
treatments, and therefore that previous treatments cannot be
correct. Lieber argues that the relationship between form and
meaning in the nominalization processes of English is virtually
never one-to-one, but rather forms a complex web that can be
likened to a derivational ecosystem. Using the Lexical Semantic
Framework (LSF), she develops an analysis that captures the
interrelatedness and context dependence of nominal readings, and
suggests that the key to the behavior of nominalizations is that
their underlying semantic representations are underspecified in
specific ways and that their ultimate interpretation must be fixed
in context using processes available within the LSF.
This book presents a comprehensive, data-rich, theory-neutral
description of English word formation, including inflection and
derivation, compounding, conversion, and such minor processes as
subtractive morphology. It also offers analyses of the theoretical
challenges these phenomena present. It is the first to make
systematic use of large linguistic corpora, including the Corpus of
Contemporary American English, the British National Corpus, and the
American National Corpus by which, for example, the authors are
able to measure the productivity of different patterns and to trace
semantic developments as they happen. After setting out their
methodology and theoretical assumptions, the authors describe word
formation and inflection in contemporary English. They give equal
weight to form and meaning and cover nominalizations, agentive
forms, comparatives, root and synthetic compounds, as well as more
recondite topics such as the abstract noun-forming suffixes -hood,
-dom, and -ship, neoclassical compounds, and the morphology of
numbers. They examine the relations between orthography and
phonological form. While their focus is on contemporary morphology,
they trace the history of phenomena wherever doing so helps to
understand and explain current form and function. The final part of
the book shows how the data assembled within it bear on current
theoretical issues and reveal new lines of research. This
outstanding book will interest all scholars and students of English
and of linguistic morphology more generally.
Morphology and Lexical Semantics explores the meanings of morphemes
and how they combine to form the meanings of complex words,
including derived words (writer, unionise), compounds (dog bed,
truck driver) and words formed by conversion. Rochelle Lieber
discusses the lexical semantics of word formation in a systematic
way, allowing the reader to explore the nature of affixal polysemy,
the reasons why there are multiple affixes with the same function
and the issues of mismatch between form and meaning in word
formation. Using a series of case studies from English, this book
develops and justifies the theoretical apparatus necessary for
raising and answering many questions about the semantics of word
formation. Distinguishing between a lexical semantic skeleton that
is featural and hierarchically organised and a lexical semantic
body that is holistic, it shows how the semantics of word formation
has a paradigmatic character.
Morphology and Lexical Semantics explores the meanings of morphemes
and how they combine to form the meanings of complex words,
including derived words (writer, unionise), compounds (dog bed,
truck driver) and words formed by conversion. Rochelle Lieber
discusses the lexical semantics of word formation in a systematic
way, allowing the reader to explore the nature of affixal polysemy,
the reasons why there are multiple affixes with the same function
and the issues of mismatch between form and meaning in word
formation. Using a series of case studies from English, this book
develops and justifies the theoretical apparatus necessary for
raising and answering many questions about the semantics of word
formation. Distinguishing between a lexical semantic skeleton that
is featural and hierarchically organised and a lexical semantic
body that is holistic, it shows how the semantics of word formation
has a paradigmatic character.
The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology is intended as a
companion volume to the Oxford Handbook of Compounding (OUP 2009),
aiming to provide a comprehensive and thorough overview of the
study of derivational morphology. Written by distinguished
scholars, its 41 chapters are devoted to theoretical and
definitional matters, formal and semantic issues, interdisciplinary
connections, and detailed descriptions of derivational processes in
a wide range of language families. It presents the reader with the
current state of the art in the study of derivational morphology.
The handbook begins with an overview and a consideration of
definitional matters, distinguishing derivation from inflection on
the one hand and compounding on the other. From a formal
perspective, the handbook treats affixation (prefixation,
suffixation, infixation, circumfixation, etc.), conversion,
reduplication, root and pattern and other templatic processes, as
well as prosodic and subtractive means of forming new words. From a
semantic perspective, it looks at the processes that form various
types of adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and verbs, as well as
evaluatives and the rarer processes that form function words.
Chapters are devoted to issues of theory, methodology, the
historical development of derivation, and to child language
acquisition, sociolinguistic, experimental, and psycholinguistic
approaches. The second half of the book surveys derivation in
fifteen language families that are widely dispersed in terms of
both geographical location and typological characteristics. It ends
with a consideration of both areal tendencies in derivation and the
issue of universals.
This book presents a comprehensive review of theoretical work on
the linguistics and psycholinguistics of compound words and
combines it with a series of surveys of compounding in a variety of
languages from a wide range of language families. Compounding is an
effective way to create and express new meanings. Compound words
are segmentable into their constituents so that new items can often
be understood on first presentation. However, as keystone, keynote,
and keyboard, and breadboard, sandwich-board, and mortarboard show,
the relation between components is often far from straightforward.
The question then arises as to how far compound sequences are
analysed at each encounter and how far they are stored in the brain
as single lexical items. The nature and processing of compounds
thus offer an unusually direct route to how language operates in
the mind, as well as providing the means of investigating important
aspects of morphology, and lexical semantics, and insights to child
language acquisition and the organization of the mental lexicon.
This book is the first to report on the state of the art on these
and other central topics, including the classification and typology
of compounds, and approaches to cross-linguistic research on the
subject from generative and non-generative, synchronic and
diachronic perspectives.
One of the major contributions to theoretical linguistics during
the twentieth century has been an advancement of our understanding
that the information-bearing units which make up human language are
organized on a hierarchy of levels. It has been overarching goal of
research since the 1930s to determine the precise nature of those
levels and what principles guide interactions among them. Linguists
have typically posited phonological, morphological, and syntactic
levels, each with its own distinct vocabulary and organizing
principles, but in Deconstructing Morphology Rochelle Lieber
persuasively challenges the existence of a morphological level of
language. Her argument, that rules and vocabulary claimed to belong
to the morphological level in fact belong to the levels of syntax
and phonology, follows the work of Sproat, Toman, and others. Her
study, however, is the first to draw jointly on Chomsky's
Government-Binding Theory of syntax and on recent research in
phonology. Ranging broadly over data from many languages--including
Tagalog, English, French, and Dutch-- Deconstructing Morphology
addresses key questions in current morphological and phonological
research and provides an innovative view of the overall
architecture of grammar. Rochelle Lieber is associate professor of
English at the University of New Hampshire.
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