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Many statements made by historians are quantitative statements,
involving the use of measurable historical evidence. The historian
who uses quantitative methods to analyse and interpret such
information needs to be well acquainted with the particular methods
and techniques of analysis and to be able to make the best use of
the data that are available. There is an increasing need for
training in such methods and in the interpretation of the large
volume of literature now using quantitative techniques. Dr Flouds
text, which is relevant to all branches of historical inquiry,
provides a straightforward and intelligible introduction for all
students and research workers.
The simpler and more useful techniques of descriptive and
analytical statistics are described, up to the level of simple
linear regression. Historical examples are used throughout, and
great attention is paid to the need to ensure that the techniques
are consistent with the quality of the data and with the historical
problems they are intended to solve. Attention is paid to problems
of the analysis of time series, which are of particular use to
historians. No previous knowledge of statistics is assumed, and the
simple mathematical techniques that are used are fully and clearly
explained, without the use of more mathematical knowledge than is
provided by an O-level course. A bibliography is provided to guide
historians towards the most useful further reading. This student
friendly text was first published in 1973.
Many statements made by historians are quantitative statements,
involving the use of measurable historical evidence. The historian
who uses quantitative methods to analyse and interpret such
information needs to be well acquainted with the particular methods
and techniques of analysis and to be able to make the best use of
the data that are available. There is an increasing need for
training in such methods and in the interpretation of the large
volume of literature now using quantitative techniques. Dr Floud's
text, which is relevant to all branches of historical inquiry,
provides a straightforward and intelligible introduction for all
students and research workers. The simpler and more useful
techniques of descriptive and analytical statistics are described,
up to the level of simple linear regression. Historical examples
are used throughout, and great attention is paid to the need to
ensure that the techniques are consistent with the quality of the
data and with the historical problems they are intended to solve.
Attention is paid to problems of the analysis of time series, which
are of particular use to historians. No previous knowledge of
statistics is assumed, and the simple mathematical techniques that
are used are fully and clearly explained, without the use of more
mathematical knowledge than is provided by an O-level course. A
bibliography is provided to guide historians towards the most
useful further reading. This student friendly text was first
published in 1973.
This collection brings together important and influential articles
and papers on different aspects of the history and health of
welfare. It includes classic and more recent essays on the origins
and nature of mortality decline; the early-life origins of adult
health and disease; changes in height, weight and body mass; the
definition of measurement of the 'standard of living'; and the
economic and social impact of health improvements.
A new edition of the leading textbook on the economic history of
Britain since industrialisation. Leading historians and economists
examine the foundational importance of economic life in modern
Britain as well as the close interconnections between economic,
social, political and cultural change. Each chapter provides a
clear guide to the major controversies in the field and students
are shown how to connect historical evidence with economic theory
and how to apply quantitative methods. Volume 1, on 1700 1870,
offers new approaches to classic issues such as the causes and
consequences of industrialisation, the role of institutions and the
state, and the transition from an organic to an inorganic economy,
as well as introducing new issues such as globalisation,
convergence and divergence, the role of science, technology and
invention, and the growth of consumerism. Throughout the volume,
British experience is set within an international context and its
performance benchmarked against its global competitors."
A new edition of the leading textbook on the economic history of
Britain since industrialisation. Leading historians and economists
examine the foundational importance of economic life in modern
Britain as well as the close interconnections between economic,
social, political and cultural change. Each chapter provides a
clear guide to the major controversies in the field and students
are shown how to connect historical evidence with economic theory
and how to apply quantitative methods. Volume 1, on 1700 1870,
offers new approaches to classic issues such as the causes and
consequences of industrialisation, the role of institutions and the
state, and the transition from an organic to an inorganic economy,
as well as introducing new issues such as globalisation,
convergence and divergence, the role of science, technology and
invention, and the growth of consumerism. Throughout the volume,
British experience is set within an international context and its
performance benchmarked against its global competitors."
A new edition of the leading textbook on the economic history of
Britain since industrialisation. Leading historians and economists
examine the foundational importance of economic life in modern
Britain as well as the close interconnections between economic,
social, political and cultural change. Each chapter provides a
clear guide to the major controversies in the field and students
are shown how to connect historical evidence with economic theory
and how to apply quantitative methods. Volume 2, on 1870 to the
present, tracks the development of the British economy from late
nineteenth-century global dominance to its early
twenty-first-century position as a mid-sized player in an
integrated European economy. The chapters re-examine issues of
Britain's relative economic growth and decline over the 'long'
twentieth century, setting the British experience within an
international context, and benchmark its performance against that
of its European and global competitors.
Humans have become much taller and heavier, and experience
healthier and longer lives than ever before in human history.
However it is only recently that historians, economists, human
biologists and demographers have linked the changing size, shape
and capability of the human body to economic and demographic
change. This fascinating and groundbreaking book presents an
accessible introduction to the field of anthropometric history,
surveying the causes and consequences of changes in health and
mortality, diet and the disease environment in Europe and the
United States since 1700. It examines how we define and measure
health and nutrition as well as key issues such as whether
increased longevity contributes to greater productivity or,
instead, imposes burdens on society through the higher costs of
healthcare and pensions. The result is a major contribution to
economic and social history with important implications for today's
developing world and the health trends of the future.
In historical accounts of the circumstances of ordinary people's
lives, nutrition has been the great unknown. Nearly impossible to
measure or assess directly, it has nonetheless been held
responsible for the declining mortality rates of the nineteenth
century as well as being a major factor in the gap in living
standards, morbidity and mortality between rich and poor. The
measurement of height is a means of the direct assessment of
nutritional status. This important and innovative study uses a
wealth of military and philanthropic data to establish the changing
heights of Britons during the period of industrialization, and thus
establishes an important dimension to the long-standing controversy
about living standards during the Industrial Revolution.
Sophisticated quantitative analysis enables the authors to present
some striking conclusions about the actual physical status of the
British people during a period of profound social and economic
upheaval, and Height, Health and History will provide an
invigorating statistical edge to many debates about the history of
the human body itself.
Machine tools are vital to our industrial, metal-using society.
This book is the first history of the British machine-tool industry
during an important period of its development, a time when it
played a crucial part in the transformation of the British economy.
The author discusses the structure of the industry, its performance
in international trade, and, through an analysis of the voluminous
records of one firm, its efficiency and productivity. This
discussion is placed within the wider context of current
controversies about the behaviour of the British economy during the
'Great Depression' of the later nineteenth century, and its
conclusions do not support pessimistic views of the performance of
British industry. The book is also intended as a contribution to
the explanation of the process of technological change, a problem
of increasing interest to economists and economic historians.
This volume of historical essays explores the full ramifications of
the beginnings and development of the various branches of higher
education in the area of London. It discusses: the contributions of
the London County Council and the City of London; the economic and
social context; questions of funding, class and gender; the
polytechnics, teacher training, university extension, technical and
scientific education; and the arts.
In historical accounts of the circumstances of ordinary people's
lives, nutrition has been the great unknown. Nearly impossible to
measure or assess directly, it has nonetheless been held
responsible for the declining mortality rates of the nineteenth
century as well as being a major factor in the gap in living
standards, morbidity and mortality between rich and poor. The
measurement of height is a means of the direct assessment of
nutritional status. This important and innovative study uses a
wealth of military and philanthropic data to establish the changing
heights of Britons during the period of industrialization, and thus
establishes an important dimension to the long-standing controversy
about living standards during the Industrial Revolution.
Sophisticated quantitative analysis enables the authors to present
some striking conclusions about the actual physical status of the
British people during a period of profound social and economic
upheaval, and Height, Health and History will provide an
invigorating statistical edge to many debates about the history of
the human body itself.
Modern industrial societies are the creation of forced of change
embedded in their pre-industrial and pre-capitalist past, forces
which have shaped their economic structures, their politics of
domination and resistance, their social ideas and relationships. In
this book a distinguished group of historians focuses on this
dialectal relationship between capitalism and its pre-capitalist
heritage, revealing the ways in which older forms - whether they be
social and economic structures and institutions, movements or
ideologies, rituals or vocabulary - help to shape new, and are
themselves reshaped in the process. The book thus develops a
central theme in the writing of Eric Hobsbawm, to whom these essays
are presented as a tribute on his retirement from Birkbeck College.
An additional essay provides a major reappraisal of Hobsbawm's
work. A number of different themes in modern European history are
discussed in the context of the interrelationship of capitalism and
the pre capitalist past. Several essays explore the history of the
working class, its ideas and strategies of resistance, in France,
Britain, Germany and Spain. Others discuss the place of landowners
and bankers in the European ruling classes, and the development of
central and eastern European societies. Their common concern is
with the power of the past over patterns of change, and as such
they are both a tribute to an outstanding British historian and a
major contribution to the analysis of modern European history.
'Roderick Floud's ground-breaking study of the history, money,
places and personalities involved in British gardens over the past
350 years gives fascinating insight into why gardening is part of
this country's soul.' Michael Heseltine, Deputy Prime Minister
(1996-1997) 'Thousands of books have been written about the history
of British gardens but Roderick Floud, one of Britain's most
distinguished economic historians, asks new and important
questions: how much did gardens cost to build and maintain, and
where did the money come from? Superbly researched, it is full of
information which will surprise both economists and gardeners. The
book is fun as well as edifying: Floud shows us gardens grand and
humble, and introduces us gardeners, plantsmen and technologies in
wonderful varieties.' Jane Humphries, Centennial Professor, London
School of Economics At least since the seventeenth century, most of
the English population have been unable to stop making, improving
and dreaming of gardens. Yet in all the thousands of books about
them, this is the first to address seriously the question of how
much gardens and gardening have cost, and to work out the place of
gardens in the economic, as well as the horticultural, life of the
nation. It is a new kind of gardening history. Beginning with the
Restoration of Charles II in 1660, Roderick Floud describes the
role of the monarchy and central and local government in creating
gardens, as well as that of the (generally aristocratic or
plutocratic) builders of the great gardens of Stuart, Georgian and
Victorian England. He considers the designers of these gardens as
both artists and businessmen - often earning enormous sums by
modern standards, matched by the nurserymen and plant collectors
who supplied their plants. He uncovers the lives and rewards of
working gardeners, the domestic gardens that came with the growth
of suburbs and the impact of gardening on technical developments
from man-made lakes to central heating. AN ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE
ENGLISH GARDEN shows the extraordinary commitment of money as well
as time that the English have made to gardens and gardening over
three and a half centuries. It reveals the connections of our
gardens to the re-establishment of the English monarchy, the
national debt, transport during the Industrial Revolution, the new
industries of steam, glass and iron, and the built environment that
is now all around us. It is a fresh perspective on the history of
England and will open the eyes of gardeners - and garden visitors -
to an unexpected dimension of what they do.
A new edition of the leading textbook on the economic history of
Britain since industrialisation. Leading historians and economists
examine the foundational importance of economic life in modern
Britain as well as the close interconnections between economic,
social, political and cultural change. Each chapter provides a
clear guide to the major controversies in the field and students
are shown how to connect historical evidence with economic theory
and how to apply quantitative methods. Volume 2, on 1870 to the
present, tracks the development of the British economy from late
nineteenth-century global dominance to its early
twenty-first-century position as a mid-sized player in an
integrated European economy. The chapters re-examine issues of
Britain's relative economic growth and decline over the 'long'
twentieth century, setting the British experience within an
international context, and benchmark its performance against that
of its European and global competitors.
Humans have become much taller and heavier, and experience
healthier and longer lives than ever before in human history.
However it is only recently that historians, economists, human
biologists and demographers have linked the changing size, shape
and capability of the human body to economic and demographic
change. This fascinating and groundbreaking book presents an
accessible introduction to the field of anthropometric history,
surveying the causes and consequences of changes in health and
mortality, diet and the disease environment in Europe and the
United States since 1700. It examines how we define and measure
health and nutrition as well as key issues such as whether
increased longevity contributes to greater productivity or,
instead, imposes burdens on society through the higher costs of
healthcare and pensions. The result is a major contribution to
economic and social history with important implications for today's
developing world and the health trends of the future.
The inspiration for this work comes from the words of Adam Smith:
"Consumption is the sole end of and purpose of all production..."
This concentrates, in that spirit, on people rather on things; it
describes the overall income and wealth of Britain, its growth, and
how that income and wealth was produced by and distributed between
different people in the population. Population growth has a central
place, as do the changes in home and workplace, in the
transformation of the lives of successive generations in Victorian
and Edwardian Britain. Between 1830 and 1914 Britain became the
world's major trading nation, carrier of the majority of the
world's goods, by far the largest investor overseas, and the centre
of the world's financial system. It was an exceptional time in the
history of the country and one to which many look back, even a
hundred years later, with nostalgia. This book seeks to describe
and assess what was achieved in those 85 years. This should be of
value to students of British economic and social history,
sociology, from A-level upwards, and general readers interested in
Victorian and Edwardian Britain.
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