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Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology with a
range of possible water treatment applications (desalination and
wastewater treatment and recovery). Recent Developments in Forward
Osmosis Processes provides an overview of applications, advantages,
challenges, costs and current knowledge gaps. Commercial
technology, hybrid FO systems for both desalination and water
recovery applications have shown to have higher capital cost
compared to conventional technologies. Nevertheless, due to the
demonstrated lower operational costs of hybrid FO systems, the unit
cost for each m3 of fresh water produced with the FO system are
lower than conventional desalination/water recovery technologies
(i.e. ultrafiltration/RO systems). There are key benefits of using
FO hybrid systems compared to RO: * chemical storage and feed
systems may be reduced for capital, operational and maintenance
cost savings, * reduced process piping costs, * more flexible
treatment units, * higher overall sustainability of the
desalination process, while producing high quality water.
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