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Originally published in English in 1986, this book offers a concise
summary of the contribution Fritz Fischer and his school made to
German historiography in the 20th century and in particular draws
attention to continuity in the development and power structures of
the German Reich between 1871 and 1945. After 1866 the traditional
elites wanted to avoid fundamental changes in society, expecting a
victorious war to secure their own position at home and to broaden
the European base of the German Reich. Even as the Blitzkrieg
expectations foundered, these ambitions persisted beyond 1918. In
the face of working-class hostility, these elites were unable to
mobilize mass support for their interests, but Hitler fashioned a
mass party. The alliance between these unequal partners led to the
Third Reich but with its collapse in 1945 the Prusso-German Reich
came to an end. Only with the German Federal Republic did the
liberal-democratic traditions of German history again come into
their own.
First published in 1984. Revisionism or reformism has long been
recognised as one of the main intellectual ancestors of democratic
socialism, the last survivor of the tradition of Enlightenment
progressivism and the only viable alternative to conservatism on
the one hand and Marxist-Leninism on the other. Both as a movement
and as an ideology, revisionism, like Marxism, had its origins in
Germany, but has not received anything like the same attention.
This study is concerned with two relatively neglected aspects of
German revisionism - its diversity and its international relations
theorising - while focusing on those revisionists who were
associated with Joseph Bloch's journal, the Sozialistische
Monatshefte. Roger Fletcher demonstrates that the revisionist
movement consisted of neo-Kantians, 'pragmatists' and reformists of
several kinds as well as theoretical revisionists like Edward
Bernstein, the alleged 'father of revisionism', and that the
political importance of Bernstein, who was primarily a transplanted
British Radical, has been widely misunderstood and exaggerated. He
shows that the most influential figure in pre-1914 German
revisionism was not Bernstein but Bloch, the leader of a small band
of socialist imperialists who hoped to use nationalist ideology as
a means of integrating the German working class into the Wilhelmine
state and society. He argues that despite the limited success
enjoyed by this grey eminence of Wilhelmine Social Democracy, Bloch
and Bernstein both came to grief on the masses' rock-like
indifference to all theory. This is the first serious study of
revisionism as a movement and one of the only studies of right-wing
German socialist foreign policy views in the Wilhelmine era. While
revealing the central importance of the previously neglected Bloch,
and his journal in Wilhelmine Social Democracy, it also sheds fresh
light on the thought of Bernstein and his role in classical German
Social Democracy. The result of extensive research in Germany and
Austria, it is based on a solid grasp of the secondary literature
as well as thorough mastery of all the relevant primary sources.
Originally published in English in 1986, this book offers a concise
summary of the contribution Fritz Fischer and his school made to
German historiography in the 20th century and in particular draws
attention to continuity in the development and power structures of
the German Reich between 1871 and 1945. After 1866 the traditional
elites wanted to avoid fundamental changes in society, expecting a
victorious war to secure their own position at home and to broaden
the European base of the German Reich. Even as the Blitzkrieg
expectations foundered, these ambitions persisted beyond 1918. In
the face of working-class hostility, these elites were unable to
mobilize mass support for their interests, but Hitler fashioned a
mass party. The alliance between these unequal partners led to the
Third Reich but with its collapse in 1945 the Prusso-German Reich
came to an end. Only with the German Federal Republic did the
liberal-democratic traditions of German history again come into
their own.
First published in 1984. Revisionism or reformism has long been
recognised as one of the main intellectual ancestors of democratic
socialism, the last survivor of the tradition of Enlightenment
progressivism and the only viable alternative to conservatism on
the one hand and Marxist-Leninism on the other. Both as a movement
and as an ideology, revisionism, like Marxism, had its origins in
Germany, but has not received anything like the same attention.
This study is concerned with two relatively neglected aspects of
German revisionism - its diversity and its international relations
theorising - while focusing on those revisionists who were
associated with Joseph Bloch's journal, the Sozialistische
Monatshefte. Roger Fletcher demonstrates that the revisionist
movement consisted of neo-Kantians, 'pragmatists' and reformists of
several kinds as well as theoretical revisionists like Edward
Bernstein, the alleged 'father of revisionism', and that the
political importance of Bernstein, who was primarily a transplanted
British Radical, has been widely misunderstood and exaggerated. He
shows that the most influential figure in pre-1914 German
revisionism was not Bernstein but Bloch, the leader of a small band
of socialist imperialists who hoped to use nationalist ideology as
a means of integrating the German working class into the Wilhelmine
state and society. He argues that despite the limited success
enjoyed by this grey eminence of Wilhelmine Social Democracy, Bloch
and Bernstein both came to grief on the masses' rock-like
indifference to all theory. This is the first serious study of
revisionism as a movement and one of the only studies of right-wing
German socialist foreign policy views in the Wilhelmine era. While
revealing the central importance of the previously neglected Bloch,
and his journal in Wilhelmine Social Democracy, it also sheds fresh
light on the thought of Bernstein and his role in classical German
Social Democracy. The result of extensive research in Germany and
Austria, it is based on a solid grasp of the secondary literature
as well as thorough mastery of all the relevant primary sources.
This volume collects the expanded notes of four series of lectures
given on the occasion of the CIME course on Nonlinear Optimization
held in Cetraro, Italy, from July 1 to 7, 2007. The Nonlinear
Optimization problem of main concern here is the problem n of
determining a vector of decision variables x ? R that minimizes
(ma- n mizes) an objective function f(.): R ? R, when x is
restricted to belong n to some feasible setF? R, usually described
by a set of equality and - n n m equality constraints: F = {x ? R:
h(x)=0, h(.): R ? R; g(x) ? 0, n p g(.): R ? R }; of course it is
intended that at least one of the functions f, h, g is nonlinear.
Although the problem canbe stated in verysimpleterms, its solution
may result very di?cult due to the analytical properties of the
functions involved and/or to the number n, m, p of variables and
constraints. On the other hand, the problem has been recognized to
be of main relevance in engineering, economics, and other applied
sciences, so that a great lot of e?ort has been devoted to develop
methods and algorithms able to solve the problem even in its more
di?cult and large instances. The lectures have been given by
eminent scholars, who contributed to a great extent to the
development of Nonlinear Optimization theory, methods and
algorithms. Namely, they are: - Professor Immanuel M."
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