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This book reports on research which investigates the perceptions of
ethnic minorities concerning their treatment in the criminal
courts. It examines the extent to which ethnic minority defendants
and witnesses in both the Crown Court and the magistrates' courts
perceived their treatment to have been unfair, whether they
believed any unfairness to have been the result of ethnic bias, and
whether this had affected their confidence in the criminal courts.
The study, carried out by the Oxford Centre for Criminological
Research in association with the University of Birmingham for the
Lord Chancellor's Department, involved observations of cases and
interviews with more than a thousand people (defendants, witnesses,
barristers, solicitors, judges, magistrates and others), and
focused on courts in Manchester, Birmingham and London. A Fair
Hearing? Ethnic minorities in the criminal courts begins by showing
how widely held the belief has been that ethnic minorities are
discriminated against by the courts and by other agencies in the
criminal justice system. It discusses the factors that contributed
to this belief, including the findings of the Macpherson Report and
the notion of 'institutional racism'. The main part of the book
then looks at the institutional setting in which the research took
place, the experience of defendants and witnesses, their views
about how they were treated by the criminal courts, and the views
of others involved in the court process. Final chapters in the book
address the issue of sensitivity to ethnicity on the part of
judges, magistrates and lawyers. It shows that attitudes and
practices are perceived to have changed for the better and examines
what more needs to be done to increase the confidence that members
of ethnic minorities have in the fairness of the criminal courts.
Both probation and youth justice have undergone massive changes in
recent years, and continue to face important new challenges. A key
emphasis of new developments has been on developing effective
evidence-based practice and disseminating this throughout the
Probation and Youth Justice services - reviewed in this book.
This book reports on research which investigates the perceptions of
ethnic minorities concerning their treatment in the criminal
courts. It examines the extent to which ethnic minority defendants
and witnesses in both the Crown Court and the magistrates' courts
perceived their treatment to have been unfair, whether they
believed any unfairness to have been the result of ethnic bias, and
whether this had affected their confidence in the criminal courts.
The study, carried out by the Oxford Centre for Criminological
Research in association with the University of Birmingham for the
Lord Chancellor's Department, involved observations of cases and
interviews with more than a thousand people (defendants, witnesses,
barristers, solicitors, judges, magistrates and others), and
focused on courts in Manchester, Birmingham and London. A Fair
Hearing? Ethnic minorities in the criminal courts begins by showing
how widely held the belief has been that ethnic minorities are
discriminated against by the courts and by other agencies in the
criminal justice system. It discusses the factors that contributed
to this belief, including the findings of the Macpherson Report and
the notion of 'institutional racism'. The main part of the book
then looks at the institutional setting in which the research took
place, the experience of defendants and witnesses, their views
about how they were treated by the criminal courts, and the views
of others involved in the court process. Final chapters in the book
address the issue of sensitivity to ethnicity on the part of
judges, magistrates and lawyers. It shows that attitudes and
practices are perceived to have changed for the better and examines
what more needs to be done to increase the confidence that members
of ethnic minorities have in the fairness of the criminal courts.
Both probation and youth justice have undergone massive changes in
recent years, and continue to face important new challenges. A key
emphasis of new developments has been on developing effective
evidence-based practice and disseminating this throughout the
Probation and Youth Justice services. The main aim of this book is
to review developments in evidence-based practice in a number of
different areas, bringing together the findings of research
projects commissioned by the British Home Office, the National
Probation Directorate and the Youth Justice Board. This book will
be essential reading for anyone involved in probation and youth
justice practice, or for those taking courses in these fields.
The fifth edition of this highly praised study charts and explains
the progress that continues to be made towards the goal of
worldwide abolition of the death penalty. The majority of nations
have now abolished the death penalty and the number of executions
has dropped in almost all countries where abolition has not yet
taken place. Emphasising the impact of international human rights
principles and evidence of abuse, the authors examine how this has
fuelled challenges to the death penalty and they analyse and
appraise the likely obstacles, political and cultural, to further
abolition. They discuss the cruel realities of the death penalty
and the failure of international standards always to ensure fair
trials and to avoid arbitrariness, discrimination and conviction of
the innocent: all violations of the right to life. They provide
further evidence of the lack of a general deterrent effect; shed
new light on the influence and limits of public opinion; and argue
that substituting for the death penalty life imprisonment without
parole raises many similar human rights concerns. This edition
provides a strong intellectual and evidential basis for regarding
capital punishment as undeniably cruel, inhuman and degrading.
Widely relied upon and fully updated to reflect the current state
of affairs worldwide, this is an invaluable resource for all those
who study the death penalty and work towards its removal as an
international goal.
Featuring experts from Europe, Australia, Japan, China, and the
United States, this collection of essays follows changes in the
theory and policy of China's death penalty from the Mao era
(1949-1979) through the Deng era (1980-1997) up to the present day.
Using empirical data, such as capital offender and offense
profiles, temporal and regional variations in capital punishment,
and the impact of social media on public opinion and reform,
contributors relay both the character of China's death penalty
practices and the incremental changes that indicate reform. They
then compare the Chinese experience to other countries throughout
Asia and the world, showing how change can be implemented even
within a non-democratic and rigid political system, but also the
dangers of promoting policies that society may not be ready to
embrace.
The fifth edition of this highly praised study charts and explains
the progress that continues to be made towards the goal of
worldwide abolition of the death penalty. The majority of nations
have now abolished the death penalty and the number of executions
has dropped in almost all countries where abolition has not yet
taken place. Emphasising the impact of international human rights
principles and evidence of abuse, the authors examine how this has
fuelled challenges to the death penalty and they analyse and
appraise the likely obstacles, political and cultural, to further
abolition. They discuss the cruel realities of the death penalty
and the failure of international standards always to ensure fair
trials and to avoid arbitrariness, discrimination and conviction of
the innocent: all violations of the right to life. They provide
further evidence of the lack of a general deterrent effect; shed
new light on the influence and limits of public opinion; and argue
that substituting for the death penalty life imprisonment without
parole raises many similar human rights concerns. This edition
provides a strong intellectual and evidential basis for regarding
capital punishment as undeniably cruel, inhuman and degrading.
Widely relied upon and fully updated to reflect the current state
of affairs worldwide, this is an invaluable resource for all those
who study the death penalty and work towards its removal as an
international goal.
Featuring experts from Europe, Australia, Japan, China, and the
United States, this collection of essays follows changes in the
theory and policy of China's death penalty from the Mao era
(1949-1979) through the Deng era (1980-1997) up to the present day.
Using empirical data, such as capital offender and offense
profiles, temporal and regional variations in capital punishment,
and the impact of social media on public opinion and reform,
contributors relay both the character of China's death penalty
practices and the incremental changes that indicate reform. They
then compare the Chinese experience to other countries throughout
Asia and the world, showing how change can be implemented even
within a non-democratic and rigid political system, but also the
dangers of promoting policies that society may not be ready to
embrace.
With the strengthening focus worldwide on human rights, there has
been a rapid increase in recent years in the number of countries
that have completely abolished the death penalty. This is in
recognition that it is a violation of the right to life and the
right to be free from cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.
There has, simultaneously, been pressure on countries that still
retain capital punishment to ensure that they at least apply the
United Nations minimum human rights safeguards established to
protect the rights of those facing the death penalty. This book
shows that the majority of Asian countries have been particularly
resistant to the abolitionist movement and tardy in accepting their
responsibility to uphold the safeguards. The essays contained in
this volume provide an in-depth analysis of changes in the scope
and application of the death penalty in Asia with a focus on China,
India, Japan, and Singapore. They explain the extent to which these
nations still fail to accept capital punishment as a human rights
issue, identify impediments to reform, and explore the prospects
that Asian countries will eventually embrace the goal of worldwide
abolition of capital punishment.
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