Every year, millions of people across Europe - innocent and guilty - are arrested and detained by the police. For some, their cases go no further than the police station, but many others eventually appear before a court. Many will spend time in custody both before and following trial. Initial attempts by the European Union to establish minimum procedural rights for suspects and defendants failed in 2007, in the face of opposition by a number of Member States who argued that the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) rendered EU regulation unnecessary. However, with ratification of the Lisbon Treaty, criminal defense rights are again on the agenda. Based on a three year research study, this book explores and compares access to effective defense in criminal proceedings across nine European jurisdictions (Belgium, England/Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Turkey) that constitute examples of the three major legal traditions in Europe: inquisitorial, adversarial, and post-state socialist. Part I sets out the research methodology and analysis of the baseline requirements that, according to ECHR case law, have an impact on the rights of the accused. In addition to the general fair trial rights (the presumption of innocence, the right to silence, equality of arms, and the (conditional) right to release pending trial) the rights explored include: the right to information, the right to legal assistance and legal aid, and a number of procedural rights (the right to adequate time and facilities to prepare a defense, participation rights, the right to free interpretation and translation, and the right to reasoned decisions and to appeal). Part II consists of a description and critical analysis of access to effective criminal defense in the nine countries examined. Part III includes a cross-jurisdictional analysis of compliance, in law and in practice, with the ECHR requirements. It also contains an analysis of how they interrelate, and of whether structures, systems, and legal cultures exist to enable individuals to effectively exercise these rights. This book contributes to implementation of the rights of suspects and defendants to a real and effective defense, especially for those who lack the means to pay for legal assistance themselves. The recommendations are designed to contribute to the development of meaningful policies and processes that will help to ensure effective criminal defense across the EU. The book is essential reading for academics, researchers, students, defense lawyers, and policy-makers in the area of criminal justice in Europe.

The continuous Hochschild cohomology of dual normal modules over a von Neumann algebra is the subject of this book. The necessary technical results are developed assuming a familiarity with basic C*-algebra and von Neumann algebra theory, including the decomposition into two types, but no prior knowledge of cohomology theory is required and the theory of completely bounded and multilinear operators is given fully. Central to this book are those cases when the continuous Hochschild cohomology H(superscript n)(M, M) of the von Neumann algebra M over itself is zero. The material in this book lies in the area common to Banach algebras, operator algebras and homological algebra, and will be of interest to researchers from these fields.

"Lyrical Love Lines..." is a book of love poetry written from a whole different prospective and much better style than the typical "Roses are red, violets are blue" type poems that maybe you've heard and read. It's chapters are categorized into three aspects: Love, Problems and Passion to either help inspire healthier relationships, aide in decreasing dismay or animosity if things go wrong in the relationship or perhaps increase the desire and intimate emotions for your particular partner. Every reader may not be able to relate to every single poem in the book but should be able to find some poems that fits their relationship, respectively. Also, since everyone's emotions might not be as strong for their partner as some of the poems displayed in the books writings or they might not be able to relate to the entire poem, readers are encouraged to be creative and ad lib parts of the poems to their liking, as long as it is not done with the intention to plagiarize or have self-claim. For instance, since the author of the poetry is of the male gender, the poems was written from a male-to-female prospective but females are free to ad lib and change parts of the poetry to fit their gender. Therefore, explains the latter part of the title ..".Of Yours And Mine" because the author hopes that this book will benefit the readers as much as it has benefited him in points of some of his relationships. Although this book would make an excellent Valentine's Day gift, nevertheless, it is a book that could be enjoyed all year long.