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Aslam and Gunaratna bring together a broad analysis of the
responses of states in Asia to the threats presented by the
COVID-19 pandemic in its early phase. While the impact of the
pandemic has undoubtedly been disastrous, it has also taught many
lessons about social, political, economic, and security norms in
modern civilization. The contributors to this book look at how
these lessons have been learned-often the hard way-by a range of
states including India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Indonesia,
Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, and Jordan, as well as by
international organizations including ASEAN. They look at a range
of issues, going beyond the most apparent healthcare concerns to
also look at challenges such as the gig economy, terrorism,
extremism, religious identity, and cybersecurity. Using these
country-based case studies, this book establishes a framework for
understanding these challenges and establishing best practice and
scalable solutions for addressing them. A valuable resource for
scholars and practitioners trying to understand how the world will
and won't be changed by the impact of COVID-19, especially in the
realms of security, society, and economy.
A collection of case studies of terrorist rehabilitation programmes
from around the world, this book examines the wide-ranging
methodologies of terrorist deradicalisation initiatives adopted by
different countries globally. It contextualises these programmes as
they were initiated and explains the factors that led to their
relative success, failure or continuity. The different typology of
rehabilitation modes acts as a guide to establishing a framework
and a starting point for any deradicalisation and rehabilitation
programme. These case studies demonstrate practical examples of how
the theories can be applied to achieve real results. This book is
an indispensable resource for researchers, practitioners and
policy-makers in the field of Terrorist Deradicalisation and
Rehabilitation.
The contributors to this book analyse the different approaches and
modes of terrorist rehabilitation that have been attempted by
Malaysia, and other countries in Southeast Asia. With an emphasis
on the particular contexts within which they operate, this book
examines the factors that determine the relative successes and
failure of a wide range of community initiatives in integrating
terrorists back into society. These initiatives include using
methods based on social psychology, religion, and entrepreneurship
to develop a comprehensive approach to rehabilitating and
deradicalizing terrorists in Malaysia as well as Singapore,
Indonesia and the Philippines. As such it makes an important
contribution to the global policy debate, coloured by the unique
characteristics of the South East Asia region. A valuable resource
for researchers and policymakers seeking constructive ways to
counter violent extremism.
With recent changes in social and political landscapes around the
world the focus of preventive counter-terrorism has shifted in many
places from government to civil society. The contributors analyze
the different approaches of Civil Society Organizations in
preventing and countering violent extremism in various countries in
South and Southeast Asia. The cases examined include, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The key emphasis is
on understanding the context within which each example was
initiated, and the factors that determined their relative success
or failure. The evidence from these cases suggests that much can be
achieved through empowering communities to engage in aiding both
the indoctrinated and those who pose the greatest risk of
radicalization. A valuable contribution to the literature on
preventing and countering violent extremism.
A collection of case studies of terrorist rehabilitation programmes
from around the world, this book examines the wide-ranging
methodologies of terrorist deradicalisation initiatives adopted by
different countries globally. It contextualises these programmes as
they were initiated and explains the factors that led to their
relative success, failure or continuity. The different typology of
rehabilitation modes acts as a guide to establishing a framework
and a starting point for any deradicalisation and rehabilitation
programme. These case studies demonstrate practical examples of how
the theories can be applied to achieve real results. This book is
an indispensable resource for researchers, practitioners and
policy-makers in the field of Terrorist Deradicalisation and
Rehabilitation.
The post 9/11 era has produced structured rehabilitation programmes
in a wide range of countries including Saudi Arabia, Singapore,
Pakistan, Malaysia, Egypt, Iraq, and Uzbekistan. There are also ad
hoc and emerging programmes in Nigeria, China, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Denmark, Germany, United Kingdom, and Nepal. Due to the
threat from global Islamist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda
and the Islamic State (IS), the focus has tended to be on Islamist
groups. However, Sri Lanka also has a multifaceted rehabilitation
programme that was created after the ethno-nationalist Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) group was defeated in 2009, which can
teach us some valuable lessons. This book consists of a series of
case studies of different terrorist rehabilitation initiatives that
have been attempted around the world. Each initiative is critically
analysed to develop a sound understanding of the significance of
different approaches and strategies of terrorist rehabilitation in
helping potential terrorists integrate back into society. Sharing
and examining case studies, by both practitioners and scholars,
this book provides vital tools to address the challenges faced by
practitioners of terrorist rehabilitation programmes.
This book seeks to explore the new frontiers in counter-terrorism
research, analyses and practice, focusing on the imperative to
rehabilitate terrorists. The post-9/11 world is in a very early
stage of global rehabilitation both of terrorists and criminals.
Nonetheless, some correctional rehabilitation programs have led
convicted and suspected terrorists to express remorse, repent, and
recant their violent ideologies and re-enter mainstream politics,
religion and society. Although operational counter-terrorism
initiatives have received both investment and attention, strategic
counter-terrorism initiatives that ultimately end violence
including terrorism but require patience and sustained efforts have
been neglected by governments and received inadequate public
coverage. This book is an early attempt to examine a few case
studies both by practitioners and scholars. This book provides a
better understanding of the process of deradicalization, and will
be the first step towards exploring the development of tools
necessary to examine and address challenges faced by practitioners.
This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism and
political violence, radical Islam, conflict resolution, war and
conflict studies and IR/Security Studies.
The contributors to this book analyse the different approaches and
modes of terrorist rehabilitation that have been attempted by
Malaysia, and other countries in Southeast Asia. With an emphasis
on the particular contexts within which they operate, this book
examines the factors that determine the relative successes and
failure of a wide range of community initiatives in integrating
terrorists back into society. These initiatives include using
methods based on social psychology, religion, and entrepreneurship
to develop a comprehensive approach to rehabilitating and
deradicalizing terrorists in Malaysia as well as Singapore,
Indonesia and the Philippines. As such it makes an important
contribution to the global policy debate, coloured by the unique
characteristics of the South East Asia region. A valuable resource
for researchers and policymakers seeking constructive ways to
counter violent extremism.
The threat of terrorism, if not adequately managed, is likely to
increase exponentially. As terrorist groups' influence and networks
spread globally, a concerted effort in counterterrorism strategy is
critical to mitigating the threat they present. Governments facing
the threat of terrorism are typically strengthening their law
enforcement, military and intelligence capabilities, but more
complex initiatives such as deradicalisation and terrorist
rehabilitation are more time-consuming and less attention-grabbing
and so tend to be neglected. It is all too easy to 'do'
rehabilitation ineffectively or to simply ignore it altogether.
This is unfortunate, as an effective rehabilitation strategy can
yield dividends over the longer term. Every committed terrorist is
a potential recruiter, whether in prison or at liberty, for more
terrorists. Even in death, they can potentially be presented as
martyrs. Conversely, successfully rehabilitated terrorists can be
valuable assets in the public relations theatre of battle. There is
no single, simple solution to the challenges of deradicalisation
and rehabilitation, but this book places examples of best practice
within a robust, but flexible, conceptual framework. It gives
guidelines for establishing and implementing a successful
deradicalisation or rehabilitation programme, derived from a series
of empirical case studies of successful projects around the world.
It sets out both the necessary and desirable facets of such a
programme, identifying which areas to prioritise and where budgets
can be best spent if resources are tight. The authors provide
detailed case studies of each step to illustrate an approach that
has worked and how best to replicate this success.
Because terrorists are made, not born, it is critically important
to world peace that detainees and inmates influenced by violent
ideology are deradicalized and rehabilitated back into society.
Exploring the challenges in this formidable endeavor, Terrorist
Rehabilitation: The U.S. Experience in Iraq demonstrates through
the actual experiences of military personnel, defense contractors,
and Iraqi nationals that deradicalization and rehabilitation
programs can succeed and have the capability to positively impact
thousands of would-be terrorists globally if utilized to their full
capacity. Custodial and community rehabilitation of terrorists and
extremists is a new frontier in the fight against terrorism. This
forward-thinking volume: Highlights the success of a rehabilitation
program curriculum in Iraq Encourages individuals and governments
to embrace rehabilitation as the next most logical step in fighting
terrorism Examines the recent history of threat groups in Iraq
Demonstrates where the U.S. went awry in its war effort, and the
steps it took to correct the situation Describes religious,
vocational training, education, creative expression, and Tanweer
programs introduced to the detainee population Provides insight
into future steps based on lessons learned from current
rehabilitation programs It is essential that we shift the focus
from solely detainment and imprisonment to addressing the
ideological mindset during prolonged incarceration. It is possible
to effect an ideological transformation in detainees that qualifies
them to be reclassified as no longer posing a security threat. This
volume demonstrates that with the proper program and encouragement,
a detainee's misunderstanding or extremist ideology can be replaced
with the principles of moderation, toleration, and coexistence.
The post 9/11 era has produced structured rehabilitation programmes
in a wide range of countries including Saudi Arabia, Singapore,
Pakistan, Malaysia, Egypt, Iraq, and Uzbekistan. There are also ad
hoc and emerging programmes in Nigeria, China, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Denmark, Germany, United Kingdom, and Nepal. Due to the
threat from global Islamist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda
and the Islamic State (IS), the focus has tended to be on Islamist
groups. However, Sri Lanka also has a multifaceted rehabilitation
programme that was created after the ethno-nationalist Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) group was defeated in 2009, which can
teach us some valuable lessons. This book consists of a series of
case studies of different terrorist rehabilitation initiatives that
have been attempted around the world. Each initiative is critically
analysed to develop a sound understanding of the significance of
different approaches and strategies of terrorist rehabilitation in
helping potential terrorists integrate back into society. Sharing
and examining case studies, by both practitioners and scholars,
this book provides vital tools to address the challenges faced by
practitioners of terrorist rehabilitation programmes.
The threat of terrorism, if not adequately managed, is likely to
increase exponentially. As terrorist groups' influence and networks
spread globally, a concerted effort in counterterrorism strategy is
critical to mitigating the threat they present. Governments facing
the threat of terrorism are typically strengthening their law
enforcement, military and intelligence capabilities, but more
complex initiatives such as deradicalisation and terrorist
rehabilitation are more time-consuming and less attention-grabbing
and so tend to be neglected. It is all too easy to 'do'
rehabilitation ineffectively or to simply ignore it altogether.
This is unfortunate, as an effective rehabilitation strategy can
yield dividends over the longer term. Every committed terrorist is
a potential recruiter, whether in prison or at liberty, for more
terrorists. Even in death, they can potentially be presented as
martyrs. Conversely, successfully rehabilitated terrorists can be
valuable assets in the public relations theatre of battle. There is
no single, simple solution to the challenges of deradicalisation
and rehabilitation, but this book places examples of best practice
within a robust, but flexible, conceptual framework. It gives
guidelines for establishing and implementing a successful
deradicalisation or rehabilitation programme, derived from a series
of empirical case studies of successful projects around the world.
It sets out both the necessary and desirable facets of such a
programme, identifying which areas to prioritise and where budgets
can be best spent if resources are tight. The authors provide
detailed case studies of each step to illustrate an approach that
has worked and how best to replicate this success.
This book seeks to explore the new frontiers in counter-terrorism
research, analyses and practice, focusing on the imperative to
rehabilitate terrorists. The post-9/11 world is in a very early
stage of global rehabilitation both of terrorists and criminals.
Nonetheless, some correctional rehabilitation programs have led
convicted and suspected terrorists to express remorse, repent, and
recant their violent ideologies and re-enter mainstream politics,
religion and society. Although operational counter-terrorism
initiatives have received both investment and attention, strategic
counter-terrorism initiatives that ultimately end violence
including terrorism but require patience and sustained efforts have
been neglected by governments and received inadequate public
coverage. This book is an early attempt to examine a few case
studies both by practitioners and scholars. This book provides a
better understanding of the process of deradicalization, and will
be the first step towards exploring the development of tools
necessary to examine and address challenges faced by practitioners.
This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism and
political violence, radical Islam, conflict resolution, war and
conflict studies and IR/Security Studies.
The global pandemic has offered extraordinary opportunities for
extremists and terrorists to mobilize themselves and revive as more
powerful actors in the security landscape. But could these threat
groups actually capitalize on the coronavirus crisis and advance
their malevolent agendas? Utilizing the largest COVID-19-related
terrorism database, the book presents an analysis built upon a
quantitative and qualitative comparison between the nature of both
the radical Islamist and the far-right-related threat in 2018 and
2020. It provides, for the first time, a true picture of novel
trends since the pandemic outbreak.
In the Middle East, the world's deadliest organizations, the
Islamic State and al Qaeda have firmly established their presence
in the Levant and the Gulf. In parallel, state- sponsored Shia
threat networks, groups and cells, notably the Lebanese Hezbollah
and Houthis operate throughout the Middle East and beyond.
Exploiting the conflict zones and their cascading ideologies, both
the Sunni and Shia threat entities compete to advance their own
interests. Their parent and affiliate entities recruit and
radicalise both territorial and diaspora Muslims to fight each
other. Unless governments work together to mitigate the threat at
the core and the edge, the Middle East and its peripheral
territories in Asia and Africa will suffer from terrorism and
political violence in the foreseeable future.The response to
extremism and its vicious by-product terrorism requires both
preventive intelligence-led and pre-emptive community-based
security approaches. While developing tactical counter-terrorism
capabilities, governments should build strategic capabilities to
erode their support bases. The new frontiers in counter-terrorism
and extremism - community engagement and rehabilitation - should be
integrated into government planning. Unless governments take the
lead and work with community leaders, societies will be threatened
by the existing and emerging wave of ideologically-motivated
violence. Government and community leaders should develop
whole-of-government and whole-of-nation approaches to dismantle
transnational threats. To contain, isolate and eliminate the
evolving threat, the Middle Eastern states should shift from
security cooperation to collaboration and partnership.
In the world of terrorism, knowledge is a critical asset. Recent
studies have revealed that, among international terrorists, there
is a global sharing of ideas, tactics, strategies, and lessons
learned. Teaching Terror examines this sharing of information in
the terrorist world, shaping our understanding of, and response to,
the global threat of terrorism. Chapters cover various aspects of
individual and organizational learning, some using a general level
of analysis and others presenting case studies of individual
terrorist groups. These groups teach each other through a variety
of means, including training camps and the Internet. Terrorist
networks are also learning organizations, drawing on situational
awareness, adapting their behavior, and, to give one example,
improving not just their use of improvised explosive devices, but
also rendering technology such as unmanned aerial vehicles and
satellite phones ineffective. This book provides a wealth of
insights on the transfer of knowledge in the world of terrorism,
and offers policy implications for counterterrorism professionals,
scholars, and policymakers.
What fuels radicalization? Is deradicalization a possibility? The
Three Pillars of Radicalization: Needs, Narratives, and Networks
addresses these crucial questions by identifying the three major
determinants of radicalization that progresses into violent
extremism. The first determinant is the need: individuals'
universal desire for personal significance. The second determinant
is narrative, which guides members in their "quest for
significance." The third determinant is the network, or membership
in one's group that validates the collective narrative and
dispenses rewards like respect and veneration to members who
implement it. In this book, Arie W. Kruglanski, Jocelyn J.
Belanger, and Rohan Gunaratna present a new model of radicalization
that takes into account factors that activate the individual's
quest for significance. Synthesizing varied empirical evidence,
this volume reinterprets prior theories of radicalization and
examines major issues in deradicalization and recidivism, which
will only become more relevant as communities continue to negotiate
the threat of extremism.
The Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific provides a historical
overview of terrorism in the Asia-Pacific, the evolution of threat,
and the present threat faced by countries with the rise of the
Islamic State (IS). This is a concise and readable handbook which
examines the origins of the current wave of terrorism across
countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Northeast Asia and the
Pacific, and identifies emerging trends and new forms of terror
that have altered the landscape and rendered the region
increasingly vulnerable to asymmetric attacks. Comprising of more
than 20 chapters, this handbook will be a useful source of
reference for undergraduate and graduate students focused on
understanding the causes of terrorism and insurgency in the
Asia-Pacific.
With the rise of religiously motivated violence and terrorism,
governments around the world need to develop their religious and
ideological capabilities in parallel with strengthening their law
enforcement, military and intelligence capabilities. Terrorist
Rehabilitation: A New Frontier in Counter-terrorism aims to provide
an understanding of the importance of the approach and strategy of
terrorist rehabilitation in countering this threat.Comprising of
nine chapters, this book provides case study assessments of
terrorist rehabilitation practices set against the backdrop of
their unique operational and geopolitical milieu in countries such
as Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. This will help
the reader to form a foundational understanding of the concept of
terrorist rehabilitation by combining the insights, successes and
experience of senior government officials and counter-terrorism
experts. In addition, the contributors provide discussions on
religious concepts that have been manipulated by violent Islamists
as a background to understanding religiously or ideologically
motivated terrorism and the avenues open for countering it.
Wars from Within brings together an international and
multidisciplinary group of academics and practitioner-researchers
specializing in the study of insurgent movements in order to
provide a deeper understanding of the violent manifestations of
insurgencies in different parts of the world. In doing so, the book
adopts both a functional and regional approach. Firstly, thematic
chapters discuss the typology of insurgencies (ethnopolitical,
religious and ideological), past and potential responses to them,
as well as the impact of advance communication technology on
insurgent activity. The book then presents a series of case studies
assessing the successes and failures of managing contemporary
insurgencies. These are drawn from European, Asian and Middle
Eastern insurgencies, as well as the global al-Qaeda network that
typifies the post-9/11 challenge posed by internationally operating
terrorist organizations. The case studies highlight factors and
conditions that trigger, escalate, de-escalate and ultimately end
insurgent campaigns. The book concludes with an assessment of how
the international community at large has responded and should
respond to insurgencies in the future.
Following the Western drawdown in Afghanistan, the global and
regional security landscapes will change dramatically. Al Qaeda,
the Afghan Taliban, and their allies, who are still posing a threat
to the U.S.-led coalition, are poised to return to Afghanistan.
Further, the mujahidin in the tribal areas of Pakistan may once
again draw the support of pools of fighters. Scholars from the
countries discussed use their own on-the-ground experience to
explain the post-2014 key strategic decisions that face
policymakers in Afghanistan, the United States, and the region.
These diverse perspectives help grasp issues necessary to assess
the strategic environment. The book provides a roadmap for the
strategy outlined along with predictive analysis of what is likely
to happen. Particular attention is paid to the U.S.-Afghanistan
Bilateral Security Agreement as well as reconciliation talks with
the Afghan Taliban. Overall, the looming increases in global
terrorism that may result warrant a continued focus and resource
allocation to the Afghanistan-Pakistan region.
This unique work is the first to address the subject of community
engagement strategies in countering extremism, and explores the
development and research of these strategies. In so doing it
demystifies the process of community engagement, while
simultaneously extolling the virtues of the ground breaking
strategies to have been effectively employed in Asia, the Middle
East, and the West. The book then proceeds to examine the efforts
of community engagement made by several countries against their
unique operational and geopolitical environments. Finally, detailed
reference is made to the role and work of the media and
non-government organizations to have conducted effective community
engagement efforts. With contributions from authors of diverse
backgrounds, including media, the social services, security, and
academia, this book will be of interest to both the general public
and to researchers.
In the world of terrorism, knowledge is a critical asset. Recent
studies have revealed that, among international terrorists, there
is a global sharing of ideas, tactics, strategies, and lessons
learned. Teaching Terror examines this sharing of information in
the terrorist world, shaping our understanding of, and response to,
the global threat of terrorism. Chapters cover various aspects of
individual and organizational learning, some using a general level
of analysis and others presenting case studies of individual
terrorist groups. These groups teach each other through a variety
of means, including training camps and the Internet. Terrorist
networks are also learning organizations, drawing on situational
awareness, adapting their behavior, and, to give one example,
improving not just their use of improvised explosive devices, but
also rendering technology such as unmanned aerial vehicles and
satellite phones ineffective. This book provides a wealth of
insights on the transfer of knowledge in the world of terrorism,
and offers policy implications for counterterrorism professionals,
scholars, and policymakers.
Three to four dozen international and local organizations, up to
one hundred thousand individuals, and millions of supporters are
part of the phenomenon of Global Jihad. The Global Jihad Movement
endeavors to name and differentiate these organizations and to
explain their infrastructure, operational capabilities, and
activities. It also analyzes their mutual and multi-lateral
relations inside and outside the "jihadi framework." In essence,
this is a "who's who" in the Global Jihad. The first section deals
with ideology, focusing on the emergence of the Salafi and the
Salafi-jihadi ideologies, which are still the most important
factors behind the operational performance of Global Jihadi
elements. The second section addresses the "affiliate groups" of
al-Qaeda, such as al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, al-Qaeda in
the Islamic Maghreb, and al-Qaeda in Iraq. This section focuses
mainly on the groups that adopted al-Qaeda's Global Jihad strategy
by incorporating Western targets in their vicinity of operations in
their targeting policies. The next section discusses the different
jihad arenas that have emerged over the last three decades,
absorbing jihadi fighters from Islamic communities around the
world. Finally, tThe last section examines the long process of
radicalization, from regular and normative lifestyle patterns to
the final jihadi stage-which in many cases involves martyrdom as
suicide bombers in the name of radical Islam.
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