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In July 1941 the United States, after a decade of worsening
economic relations, announced a total embargo against Japan. The
embargo had actually begun in 1940 with a so-called moral embargo
under which U.S. exports of planes and war material to Japan were
barred. In early 1941 Washington squeezed the Tokyo government
further by unofficially tightening exports of petroleum. By
December 1941, over 90 percent of Japan's oil supply was cut off,
as was nearly 70 percent of its overall trade. From contemporary
source documents, this is a detailed look at the U.S.-led embargo
and how it contributed to Japan's decision to attack Pearl Harbor
and declare war on the United States.
In 1945 a joint committee of the US Senate and House of
Representatives was appointed to investigate and hear testimony
from a variety of military and civilian leaders about the attack on
Pearl Harbor. Brought together here is a cross-section of the
relevant testimony from the Congressional committee's 39-volume
report. Witnesses recount events leading up to the war, American
espionage efforts, the failure of radar, the penetration of the
Japanese diplomatic codes, and the performance of the military.
In 100 A.D., Christianity was practiced only by a small, oppressed
minority. Three hundred years later, these facts had changed
dramatically, and Christianity had gone beyond simple approval and
acceptance to become one of the world's major religions. But this
change did not happen easily. The imperial government of Rome,
intellectual tradition and battles within the church itself
influenced the transformation. Every viewpoint had its champions
and opponents, some of whom had a decisive influence on what shape
the church would take. Whether they were ""defenders of the faith""
or those whom history later labeled heretics, they were part of the
early evolution of Christianity. Focusing on the years 100-400
A.D., this volume discusses the beliefs and behaviors of more than
50 key and representative figures who played a role in the
transformation from primitive Christianity to early Medieval
Catholicism. Beginning with the 2nd century Church, it examines the
influence of imperial rulers such as Constantine, proponents of the
intellectual tradition including Gregory of Neocaesaria and Julius
Africanus, and early Bible translators such as Tatian, Origen and
Jerome. The work provides an overview of each person's life and
in-depth treatment of their influence on the controversies and
issues that divided the community of faith over time. The process
behind these divisions as well as the typical reactions of
different personalities is also a part of this fascinating look at
Christian history.
There is a body of religious literature, most of which was written
centuries after the New Testament, that attempts to provide
supplemental or alternative accounts of the life of Jesus Christ.
The most exhaustive alternatives to the New Testament come from
orthodox circles, and are often ""imaginings"" that try to fill
holes in the canonical gospel accounts of Jesus' life. This work
investigates the origins and nature of noncanonical accounts, both
orthodox and heretical, and analyzes representative samples. For
the infancy and childhood of Jesus, the author uses as a framework
five major narratives that have survived: Infancy Gospel of James,
Infancy Gospel of Thomas, History of Joseph the Carpenter,
Pseudo-Matthew, and the Arabic Infancy Gospel. For the years of
Jesus' ministry, there is less material that significantly deviates
from or supplements the canonical material surviving. In regard to
the arrest, trial, and resurrection of Jesus, only a few writings
survive.
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