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Wittgenstein made use of his insights into the nature and powers of
language to search out the source of conceptual confusions in the
foundations of mathematics and in philosophy of psychology. Once he
has established the use account of language, his Philosophical
Investigations opens out into an extensive coverage of
psychological phenomena and the concepts with which we identify and
manage them. In this book Harr nd Tissaw display Wittgenstein's
analysis of the 'grammar' of the most important of these concepts
in a systematic and accessible way. Previous studies of the
psychological aspects of Wittgenstein's writings, admirable as
exegeses of his thought, have paid little attention to the relevant
psychology. Here, the 'adjacent' theories and empirical
investigations from mainstream psychology have been described in
sufficient detail to show how Wittgenstein's work impinges on
psychology as it has actually been practiced. In using this book,
philosophers will be able to get a sense of the relevance of
Wittgenstein's philosophical psychology to the development of
psychology as a science. Psychologists will be able to see how to
use Wittgenstein's insights to enrich and discipline their attempts
to gain an understanding of human thinking, feeling, acting and
perceiving, the domain of psychology as science. The book includes
an historical overview of the sources of Wittgenstein's philosophy
in the Vienna of the last years of Austro-Hungary, as well as a
brief presentation of the main themes of his Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus as it anticipated computational models of
cognition. Student use is emphasized with frequent summaries and
self-test questionnaires.
First published in 1980. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor &
Francis, an informa company.
As the first introductory statement of the 'new psychology',
Motives and Mechanisms, originally published in 1985, aims to bring
the study of human action to the forefront of the subject. Like any
science, the practice of psychology is very much influenced by the
hidden assumptions of its practitioners. The argument put forward
in this important text shows how these assumptions can be brought
out by comparing psychology with the natural sciences and with
common-sense understanding. In pursuing the integration of
traditional research methods with a new style of investigation, the
basic principle is that social structures and mental structures are
in reciprocal relation with one another because each is involved in
the creation of the other. By adopting this principle social
structures become the basis for research into the cognitive and
emotional organization of mind. The authors devote two key chapters
to the central question that underlies this stance: are human
actions and human actors' products of internal processes, such as
those described by Freud, or of external social forces, of the kind
described by Mead?
Wittgenstein made use of his insights into the nature and powers of
language to search out the source of conceptual confusions in the
foundations of mathematics and in philosophy of psychology. Once he
has established the use account of language, his Philosophical
Investigations opens out into an extensive coverage of
psychological phenomena and the concepts with which we identify and
manage them. In this book Harr nd Tissaw display Wittgenstein's
analysis of the 'grammar' of the most important of these concepts
in a systematic and accessible way. Previous studies of the
psychological aspects of Wittgenstein's writings, admirable as
exegeses of his thought, have paid little attention to the relevant
psychology. Here, the 'adjacent' theories and empirical
investigations from mainstream psychology have been described in
sufficient detail to show how Wittgenstein's work impinges on
psychology as it has actually been practiced. In using this book,
philosophers will be able to get a sense of the relevance of
Wittgenstein's philosophical psychology to the development of
psychology as a science. Psychologists will be able to see how to
use Wittgenstein's insights to enrich and discipline their attempts
to gain an understanding of human thinking, feeling, acting and
perceiving, the domain of psychology as science. The book includes
an historical overview of the sources of Wittgenstein's philosophy
in the Vienna of the last years of Austro-Hungary, as well as a
brief presentation of the main themes of his Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus as it anticipated computational models of
cognition. Student use is emphasized with frequent summaries and
self-test questionnaires.
As the first introductory statement of the 'new psychology',
Motives and Mechanisms, originally published in 1985, aims to bring
the study of human action to the forefront of the subject. Like any
science, the practice of psychology is very much influenced by the
hidden assumptions of its practitioners. The argument put forward
in this important text shows how these assumptions can be brought
out by comparing psychology with the natural sciences and with
common-sense understanding. In pursuing the integration of
traditional research methods with a new style of investigation, the
basic principle is that social structures and mental structures are
in reciprocal relation with one another because each is involved in
the creation of the other. By adopting this principle social
structures become the basis for research into the cognitive and
emotional organization of mind. The authors devote two key chapters
to the central question that underlies this stance: are human
actions and human actors' products of internal processes, such as
those described by Freud, or of external social forces, of the kind
described by Mead?
Violence on the terraces, anarchy in the classroom: the popularly
held view of youth as reported in the media. "Rules of Disorder"
challenges this view, which is taken to be a misconception of
contemporary youth.
Readers find here a volume that applies positioning theory in
order to achieve a fuller and more in-depth understanding of
conflict and its psychological resolution. Positioning theory is
the study of the nature, formation, influence and ways of change of
local systems of rights and duties as shared assumptions about them
influence small scale interactions. This book will thus be of
interest to social psychologists and anyone interested in the
development and applications of positioning theory.
Readers find here a volume that applies positioning theory in
order to achieve a fuller and more in-depth understanding of
conflict and its psychological resolution. Positioning theory is
the study of the nature, formation, influence and ways of change of
local systems of rights and duties as shared assumptions about them
influence small scale interactions. This book will thus be of
interest to social psychologists and anyone interested in the
development and applications of positioning theory.
In Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance (2nd edition),
the authors consider music on a broad scale, from its beginning as
an acoustical signal to its different manifestations across
cultures. In their second edition, the authors apply the same
richness of depth and scope that was a hallmark of the first
edition of this text. In addition, having laid out the topography
of the field in the original book, the second edition puts greater
emphasis on linking academic learning to real-world contexts, and
on including compelling topics that appeal to students' natural
curiosity. Chapters have been updated with approximately 500 new
citations to reflect advances in the field. The organization of the
book remains the same as the first edition, while chapters have
been updated and often expanded with new topics. 'Part I:
Foundations' explores the acoustics of sound, the auditory system,
and responses to music in the brain. 'Part II: The Perception and
Cognition of Music' focuses on how we process pitch, melody, meter,
rhythm, and musical structure. 'Part III: Development, Learning,
and Performance' describes how musical capacities and skills
unfold, beginning before birth and extending to the advanced and
expert musician. And finally, 'Part IV: The Meaning and
Significance of Music' explores social, emotional, philosophical
and cultural dimensions of music and meaning. This book will be
invaluable to undergraduates and postgraduate students in
psychology and music, and will appeal to anyone who is interested
in the vital and expanding field of psychology of music.
In Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance (2nd edition),
the authors consider music on a broad scale, from its beginning as
an acoustical signal to its different manifestations across
cultures. In their second edition, the authors apply the same
richness of depth and scope that was a hallmark of the first
edition of this text. In addition, having laid out the topography
of the field in the original book, the second edition puts greater
emphasis on linking academic learning to real-world contexts, and
on including compelling topics that appeal to students' natural
curiosity. Chapters have been updated with approximately 500 new
citations to reflect advances in the field. The organization of the
book remains the same as the first edition, while chapters have
been updated and often expanded with new topics. 'Part I:
Foundations' explores the acoustics of sound, the auditory system,
and responses to music in the brain. 'Part II: The Perception and
Cognition of Music' focuses on how we process pitch, melody, meter,
rhythm, and musical structure. 'Part III: Development, Learning,
and Performance' describes how musical capacities and skills
unfold, beginning before birth and extending to the advanced and
expert musician. And finally, 'Part IV: The Meaning and
Significance of Music' explores social, emotional, philosophical
and cultural dimensions of music and meaning. This book will be
invaluable to undergraduates and postgraduate students in
psychology and music, and will appeal to anyone who is interested
in the vital and expanding field of psychology of music.
Covering a topic applicable to fields ranging from education to
health care to psychology, this book provides a broad critical
analysis of the assumptions that researchers and practitioners have
about causation and explains how readers can improve their thinking
about causation. In virtually every laboratory, research center, or
classroom focused on the social or physical sciences today, the
concept of causation is a core issue to be questioned, tested, and
determined. Even debates in unrelated areas such as biology, law,
and philosophy often focus on causality-"What made that happen?" In
this book, experts from across disciplines adopt a reader-friendly
approach to reconsider this age-old question in a modern light,
defining different kinds of causation and examining how causes and
consequences are framed and approached in a particular field. Each
chapter uses applied examples to illustrate key points in an
accessible manner. The contributors to this work supply a coherent
critical analysis of the assumptions researchers and practitioners
hold about causation, and explain how such thinking about causation
can be improved. Collectively, the coverage is broad, providing
readers with a fuller picture of research in social contexts.
Beyond providing insightful description and thought-provoking
questioning of causation in different research areas, the book
applies analysis of data in order to point the way to smarter, more
efficient practices. Consequently, both practitioners and
researchers will benefit from this book.
This two-volume exploration of what might be termed "interpersonal
war and peace" reveals why individuals and groups coalesce or
collide, and how more positive relationships can be achieved. In
this two-volume set, the most comprehensive treatment of its
subject to date, eminent social scientists explore the processes
involved in becoming friends-or enemies. Volume 1, Interpersonal
and Intrapersonal Insights, focuses on friendship and enmity
between individuals, examining situations that arise in romances,
at school, at work, and between races, genders, and sexual
identities. The text is enriched by a discussion of individual
interactions in classic books and movies, what those stories
reflect, and what they teach about human nature. Volume 2, Group
and Intergroup Understanding, focuses on group dynamics across time
and around the globe. Topics range from group interactions before
and after the American Civil War to friendship and enmity between
Afghans and Americans today. The work's ultimate concern, however,
is to present ways in which individuals, groups, and nations can
learn to be friends. Covers friendship and enmity between
individuals and groups as it applies to adults, as well as to
children Takes the unique approach of studying friendship in
relation to enmity, showing them as fluid relationships that can be
altered Addresses potentially contentious issues such as
ethnicity/racism, sexism, and heterosexism, as well as current and
historical conflicts involving Afghanis and Americans, Pakistanis
and Indians, and the Irish and English Uses case studies of how
groups become enemies to instruct readers on ways to better manage
conflict and achieve peace
Vivid, readable, and accurate, these tales of landmark scientific inquiries include Aristotle's work on the embryology of the chick, Galileo's discovery of the law of descent, Newton's experiment on the nature of colors, William Beaumont's work on the process of digestion, J. J. Thompson's discovery of the electron, and 15 others. Each experiment is appraised and analyzed in the light of subsequent events; a brief biography of the scientist and a portrait are also featured, along with illustrations of the experimental method and apparatus.
Resistance used to mean irrational and reactionary behaviour,
assuming that rationality resides on the side of progress and its
parties. The end of the Cold War allows us to drop ideological and
prejudicial analysis. Indeed, we recognise that resistance is a
historical constant, and its relation to rationality or
irrationality is not predetermined.This volume asks: to what extent
are social scientific conceptions of `resistances' sui generis, or
borrowed from natural sciences by metaphor and analogy? To what
extent do the social sciences continue to be a `social tribology'
lubricating a process of strategic changes?Fifteen authors explore
these questions from the point of view of different disciplines
including physics, biology, social psychology, history of science,
history of medicine, legal theory, political science, history,
police studies, psychotherapy research and art theory.The book
offers a unique panorama of concepts of `resistance' and examines
the potential of a general `resistology' across diverse practices
of rationality.
This highly insightful and cohesive group of studies reveals the
power of political narratives to create conflict and peace. Words
of Conflict, Words of War: How the Language We Use in Political
Processes Sparks Fighting is a fascinating exploration of the
narratives leaders use to position both themselves and others in
the course of political processes that lead to peace or conflict.
Drawing on the relatively new field of "positioning theory," expert
essays provide insights into the ways words position us-for better
or worse-and influence our intended results. The focus on
narratives, from the interpersonal to the international, leads to a
better understanding of political processes and conflict
resolution. Part one of the study deals with micropolitics and
personal positioning. Part two explores positioning by political
parties and factions. Links between micro and macro are illustrated
by leadership studies of individuals such as President Barak Obama,
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President George W. Bush, Governor
Sarah Palin, and the Reverend Ian Paisley. The focus throughout is
on how a leader can use language to redirect collective politics in
support of conflict or of peace. Includes contributions from 19
scholars, offering an international perspective on positioning
Provides detailed case studies Presents six tables and four figures
Offers an extensive reference list at the end of each chapter
Language is just one particularly highly developed form of primate
communication. Recent years have seen increased attention to other
forms: studies of animals in the wild, efforts to teach sign
language to apes. This volume reflects perspectives from a variety
of disciplines on the nature and function of primate signalling
systems. Monkeys and apes, like people, live in a world in which
they are constantly receiving and transmitting information. How can
we interpret the ways in which they process it without imposing our
own language-based categorizations? The problem is partly
scientific, partly conceptual: that is, partly concerned with what
language is. The authors' findings and insights will be of interest
to a broad group of primatologists, linguists, psychologists,
anthropologists and philosophers.
Identity, Morality, and Threat offers a critical examination of the
social psychological processes that generate outgroup devaluation
and ingroup glorification as the source of conflict. Dr. Daniel
Rothbart and Dr. Karina Korostelina bring together essays analyzing
the causal relationship between escalating violence and opposing
images of the Self and Other. The essays confront the practice of
demonizing the Other as a justification for violent conflict and
the conditions that enable these distorted images to shape future
decisions. The authors provide insight into the possibilities for
transforming threat-narratives into collaboration-narratives, and
for changing past opposition into mutual understanding. Identity,
Morality, and Threat is a strong contribution to the study of
identity-based conflict and psychological defenses.
Identity, Morality, and Threat offers a critical examination of the
social psychological processes that generate outgroup devaluation
and ingroup glorification as the source of conflict. Dr. Daniel
Rothbart and Dr. Karina Korostelina bring together essays analyzing
the causal relationship between escalating violence and opposing
images of the Self and Other. The essays confront the practice of
demonizing the Other as a justification for violent conflict and
the conditions that enable these distorted images to shape future
decisions. The authors provide insight into the possibilities for
transforming threat-narratives into collaboration-narratives, and
for changing past opposition into mutual understanding. Identity,
Morality, and Threat is a strong contribution to the study of
identity-based conflict and psychological defenses.
In this remarkably interdisciplinary examination of the discourse of environmentalism, the authors explore the linguistic, philosophical, psychological and cultural-historical aspects of environmental discourse; rather than environmental phenomena themselves. This volume is not advocacy on environmentalism, rather, it is an analysis of the means of persuasion and the techniques of advocacy used by both sides of the environmental debate between ôconservationistsö and ôconservatives.ö Based on studies conducted between 1992 and 1996, the book includes an analysis of the concepts of time and space in their linguistic manifestations. Another theme is the interdependencies of the natural world with political and economic institutions. Ultimately, it is a call to action, as the authors see in the increasing ôgreeningö of English and other Western languages, a kind of linguistic way of replacing or postponing action with talk alone. A groundbreaking volume, Greanspeak will promote dialogue among professionals and students in the fields of environmental issues, linguistics, discourse, psychology, and public policy.
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