This book presents the first feminist translation of Rosalia de Castro's seminal poetic anthology En las orillas del Sar [On the Edge of the River Sar] (1884). Rosalia de Castro (1837-1885) was an artist of vast poetic vision. Her understanding of human nature and her deep sensitivity to the injustices suffered by women and by such marginalized peoples as those of her native region, Galicia, are manifest in verses of universal yet rarely translated significance. An outspoken proponent of both women's rights and her region's cultural and political autonomy, Castro used her poetry as a vehicle through which to decry the crushing hardships both groups endured as Spain vaulted between progressive liberal and conservative reactionary political forces throughout the nineteenth century. Depending upon what faction held sway in the nation at any given time during Castro's truncated literary career, her works were either revered as revolutionary or reviled as heretical for the views they espoused. Long after her death by uterine cancer in 1885, Castro was excluded from the pantheon of Spanish literature by Restoration society for her unorthodox views. Compellingly, the poet's conceptualization of the individual and the national self as informed by gender, ethnicity, class, and language echoes contemporary scholars of cultural studies who seek to broaden present-day definitions of national identity through the incorporation of precisely these same phenomena. Thanks to the most recent works in Rosalian and Galician studies, we are now able to recuperate and reevaluate Rosalia de Castro's poems in their original languages for the more radical symbolism and themes they foreground related to gender, sexuality, race and class as they inform individual and national identities. However, although Castro's poetic corpus is widely accessible in its original languages, these important features of her verses have yet to be given voice in the small number of English translations of only a sub-set of her works that have been produced in the last century. As a result, our understanding of Castro's potential contributions to contemporary world poetries, gender studies, Galician and more broadly cultural studies is woefully incomplete. An English translation of Castro's works that is specifically feminist in its methodological orientation offers a unique and thought-provoking means by which to fill this void.

This book presents the first feminist translation of Rosalia de Castro's seminal poetic anthology En las orillas del Sar [On the Edge of the River Sar] (1884). Rosalia de Castro (1837-1885) was an artist of vast poetic vision. Her understanding of human nature and her deep sensitivity to the injustices suffered by women and by such marginalized peoples as those of her native region, Galicia, are manifest in verses of universal yet rarely translated significance. An outspoken proponent of both women's rights and her region's cultural and political autonomy, Castro used her poetry as a vehicle through which to decry the crushing hardships both groups endured as Spain vaulted between progressive liberal and conservative reactionary political forces throughout the nineteenth century. Depending upon what faction held sway in the nation at any given time during Castro's truncated literary career, her works were either revered as revolutionary or reviled as heretical for the views they espoused. Long after her death by uterine cancer in 1885, Castro was excluded from the pantheon of Spanish literature by Restoration society for her unorthodox views. Compellingly, the poet's conceptualization of the individual and the national self as informed by gender, ethnicity, class, and language echoes contemporary scholars of cultural studies who seek to broaden present-day definitions of national identity through the incorporation of precisely these same phenomena. Thanks to the most recent works in Rosalian and Galician studies, we are now able to recuperate and reevaluate Rosalia de Castro's poems in their original languages for the more radical symbolism and themes they foreground related to gender, sexuality, race and class as they inform individual and national identities. However, although Castro's poetic corpus is widely accessible in its original languages, these important features of her verses have yet to be given voice in the small number of English translations of only a sub-set of her works that have been produced in the last century. As a result, our understanding of Castro's potential contributions to contemporary world poetries, gender studies, Galician and more broadly cultural studies is woefully incomplete. An English translation of Castro's works that is specifically feminist in its methodological orientation offers a unique and thought-provoking means by which to fill this void.

Rosalia de Castro (1837-1885) is considered the founder of modern Galician literature. She wrote three major books of poetry: two in Galician, Galician Songs and New Leaves, and one in Spanish, On the Banks of the Sar. Nourished by the popular songs the author heard around her, Galician Songs was first published in 1863 and dedicated on 17 May, the date that a hundred years later, in 1963, would become and has remained Galician Literature Day, when the work of a particular Galician author is celebrated. Galician Songs marks the first full publication of any of Rosalia de Castro's books of poetry in English and is accompanied by a translator's introduction that argues for the importance and contemporaneity of the author's work and poetics, not just in Galician, but in English.

This selection covers the author's work in both of her languages - her native Galego (Galician) and also Castilian Spanish. A revolutionary figure in both languages, albeit for different reasons, her work is an essential stepping-stone on the way to 20th-century Spanish poetry, and - in Galician - the beginnings of modern poetry in the language. Much misunderstood and indeed under-rated in her time - above all by the major (male) Castilian poets - she came to be viewed in the 20th century as a major figure by poets such as Lorca and Cernuda. This is the first major collection of her work in English. Michael Smith is well-known for his work translating from Spanish - Vallejo (for Shearsman Books), Miguel Hernandez, Garcia Lorca, Neruda, Machado, Gongora, Quevedo and many others.