A troubling development of the brutal century recently passed has been the growing use of children for war. World War I became the first "total war" of modern times. To engage in war on immense scale authorities believed everyone must participate. That included children. Relentless campaigns of propaganda in both world wars focused special attention on kids. The immense scope of total war grew to dominate children’s lives, their daily existence militarized by a world preoccupied by conflict. But we have often ignored wartime contributions of children. What were they expected to do? How were they persuaded to do it? How did it contribute to the war? In what ways did it affect their lives? What did they think about that? This history attempts to respond by examining activities of home-front children in the United States during both world wars. The revised edition considers recent research to extend a discussion of children’s experiences in war. It includes an examination of comic books, considers fitness standards, and expands a discussion of Boy Scouts and other groups for children. It also moves the work beyond the United States to consider activities of children in twenty-first century wars, as observers and, tragically, as participants. The fully referenced text should be of interest to students of war and childhood. But it is also written for a general audience interested in how children respond to war. Many Americans experienced war as children, and many others have parents who did. This book is also for them.

A troubling development of the brutal century recently passed has been the growing use of children for war. World War I became the first "total war" of modern times. To engage in war on immense scale authorities believed everyone must participate. That included children. Relentless campaigns of propaganda in both world wars focused special attention on kids. The immense scope of total war grew to dominate children’s lives, their daily existence militarized by a world preoccupied by conflict. But we have often ignored wartime contributions of children. What were they expected to do? How were they persuaded to do it? How did it contribute to the war? In what ways did it affect their lives? What did they think about that? This history attempts to respond by examining activities of home-front children in the United States during both world wars. The revised edition considers recent research to extend a discussion of children’s experiences in war. It includes an examination of comic books, considers fitness standards, and expands a discussion of Boy Scouts and other groups for children. It also moves the work beyond the United States to consider activities of children in twenty-first century wars, as observers and, tragically, as participants. The fully referenced text should be of interest to students of war and childhood. But it is also written for a general audience interested in how children respond to war. Many Americans experienced war as children, and many others have parents who did. This book is also for them.

Primary documents from the World War I era bring to life the causes, events and consequences of those tumultuous and violent years. Varied perspectives provide a valuable overview of the many and often complicated reactions by Americans to Pre-war European politics, Archduke Ferdinand's assassination, the sinking of the Lusitania by a German submarine, the major battles fought, and of the eventual and controversial entry into the war by the United States, among others. Will be a valued resource for researchers seeking to tap into contemporary attitudes toward events long gone.

Chocolate is nearly always with us-when celebrating or mourning, in love or alone, healthy or sick, happy or sad. This book offers a comprehensive look at how an exotic food grew to play such a central role in our lives. No food in the world can offer as storied a history as chocolate. Chocolate: A Cultural Encyclopedia focuses on cocoa's history from ancient Mesoamerican beginnings as a symbol of ritual, life, and death, to its omnipresence in Europe, North America, and the rest of the world. In 10 thematic chapters covering chocolate in society and culture, 80 shorter entries, recipes, and a comprehensive timeline, this new book takes a closer look at how chocolate has served as a medicine, an indulgence, a symbol of decadence, a door to romance, a tempting taboo, a means of survival, and a snack for children and adults alike. Why did popes and kings so fear their chocolate? Who invented milk chocolate, and why was its formula kept secret? Why did soldiers in World War II despise their chocolate rations? Who makes the most chocolate today? Find out the answers to these questions and more as this book tells you everything you wanted to know-and a lot you didn't even know existed-about the seed from the world's favorite fruit tree. Detailed discussions of 80 chocolate-related topics for those who wish to know more A compendium of original recipes that have never been published before In-depth discussion of historical, cultural, and business aspects of chocolate never before available in a single book Extensive in-text references and bibliography Inviting and lively text for a general audience 30 visually striking images that bring life to the essays and entries

Requirements for professional media editing have undergone enormous technological change. Editors still edit copy. But today they do much more. Mass media editors must demonstrate skills from computerised pagination to social media monitoring, from image manipulation to Search Engine Optimisation. The need for editing skills is reaching far beyond traditional journalism and into all areas of mass media, from newspapers to strategic communication. Public relations practitioners are expected to edit. Even advertising creative professionals must edit. And journalists taking on new roles as social media editors need to understand editing at the speed of digital media. This textbook aims to prepare university-level students for these expanded editing roles in an age of convergence. Thirteen authors representing more than two centuries of collective media experience examine both traditional editing roles and new editing needs to meet the demand of a changing industry. While many mass media students will not become professional editors, this textbook assumes nearly all will need competent editing knowledge to produce products of professional quality. Editing, the authors believe, remains a bedrock skill for all students who hope to be successful in the mass media.

This compilation of essays examines the rise of Western journalism in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Offering a cross-cultural record of the Western print media's growth, it devotes individual chapters to each of six countries: Great Britain, France, the United States, Canada, Australia and Germany. Each chapter focuses on the principal trends and chief personnel essential to journalistic development in that country, and incorporates analysis of how that country's journalists influenced, or were influenced by, journalists from outside its borders. A comprehensive bibliography is included for each chapter.