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The vigorous stirring of a cup of tea gives rise, as we all know,
to interesting fluid dynamical phenomena, some of which are very
hard to explain. In this book our "cup of tea" contains the
currents of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, mantle, and fluid core.
Our goal is to under stand the basic physical processes which are
most important in describing what we observe, directly or
indirectly, in these complex systems. While in many respects our
understanding is measured by the ability to predict, the focus here
will be on relatively simple models which can aid our physical
intuition by suggesting useful mathematical methods of investiga
tion. These elementary models can be viewed as part of a hierarchy
of models of increasing complexity, moving toward those which might
be use fully predictive. The discussion in this book will deal
primarily with the Earth. Interplanetary probes of Venus, Mars,
Jupiter and Saturn have revealed many exciting phenomena which bear
on geophysical fluid dynamics. They have also enabled us to see the
effect of changing the values of certain parameters, such as
gravity and rotation rate, on geophysical flows. On the other hand,
satellite observations of our own planet on a daily and hourly
basis have turned it into a unique laboratory for the study of
fluid motions on a scale never dreamt of before: the motion of
cyclones can be observed via satellite just as wing tip vortices
are studied in a wind tunnel."
FM 90-26, Airborne Operations, states, "The strategic mobility of
airborne forces permits rapid employment to meet contingencies
across the operational continuum anywhere in the world." Arguably,
the strategic mobility of the United States Army airborne forces
has influenced conflicts from Panama, Grenada, to, most recently,
Afghanistan and Iraq during Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi
Freedom. In 2002, the United States Army developed a major
transformational effort named the Modular Force Initiative. This
initiative involves the total redesign of the operational Army into
a larger, more powerful, more flexible and more rapidly deployable
force while moving the Army from a division-centric structure to
one built around a brigade combat team (BCT). Key concepts involved
in the modular force initiative involve a total redesign of the
operational Army. The modular force initiative seeks to optimize
the BCT design so that the unit can operate throughout the depth of
the battlefield. The challenge to airborne forces is to continue to
maintain operational significance in this environment. Initial
research leads me to believe that there is merit in studying the
effectiveness of large scale airborne forces in 21st century
warfare. Historical case studies of large scale airborne operations
could provide the foundation and the principles for which these
operations were conducted.
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