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The term picture archiving and communications system (PACS) was
initiated during the first International conference and workshop on
the topic sponsored by The International Society for Optical
Engineering (SPIE) in Newport Beach, California in 1982. The
research and development (R&D) progress for PACS has been slow
until 1988. The earlier PACS modules were mostly off the shelf
components connected together to solve a very specific clinical
problem. The three major players in PACS R&D are the European
countries, United States of America, and Japan. For various
reasons, the European coun tries concentrated in modeling and
simulation, U.S.A. pre ferred in-house development or purchased
PACS modules from a manufacturer, whereas Japan organized the PACS
as a national project. Between 1989 and 1990 PACS R&D took a
dramatic positive turn. Large scale P ACS projects were planned and
some are of implementation, especially in newly con at various
stages structed hospitals. Examples are the Hokkaido University,
Japan; Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom; Social and Medical
Center East (SMZO), Vienna, Austria; the U.S. Armed Force Medical
Diagnostic Imaging Support (MDIS) project; and the UCLA Medical
Plaza ambulatory care center. Another phenomenon is the
organization of the EC-countries which provides a tremendous
impetus for the European PACS R&D efforts. This book "Hospital
Integrated Picture Archiving and Communication Systems: edited by
Professor M. Osteaux and others is a direct product from these
efforts."
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