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Don't miss a moment of U.S. history The United States is undergoing
a period of intense political and social change. From the rise of
the Tea Party, to social media's effect on American life and
politics, this new edition fills in the gaps of this Nation's
story. Award-winning political journalist and history writer Steve
Wiegand guides you through the events that shaped our nation, from
pre-Columbian civilizations to the 21st century. The explorers, the
wars, the leaders, and the eras are all fully explored and
explained, demonstrating how the past influences the future.
Explore the deepening divide between the very wealthy and the poor
and middle class Get to know the deep and bitter divisions between
political parties and even geographic regions of the country,
including the 2016 election results Understand the country's
delicate--and precarious--position as the world's preeminent
economic, military, and political power. Get online access to
quizzes that help you master the content for every chapter U.S.
History For Dummies, 4th Edition makes U.S. history accessible for
students and lifelong learners alike.
In September 2000, the University of Bayreuth, Germany, hosted the
Fourth International Meeting on Thermodi?usion (IMT4).
TheIMTconferenceswerebornfromtheideaofbringingtogetherresearchers
in the ?eld of thermodi?usion. Under the auspices of the European
Group of Research in
Thermodi?usion(EGRT)theconferenceseriesstartedin1994with IMT1 in
Toulouse and has been continued every other year with IMT2 (Pau,
1996), IMT3 (Mons, 1998), and IMT4 (Bayreuth, 2000). The next
conference, IMT5, will be held in 2002 in Lyngby, Denmark.
Thermodi?usion, alsocalledthermaldi?usionortheLudwig-Sorete?ect, -
scribes the coupling between a temperature gradient and a resulting
mass ?ux. Although the e?ect was already discovered in the 19th
century by Ludwig and Soret, it has gained growing interest during
the last years due to improved -
perimentaltechniqueslikestate-of-the-artthermogravitationalcolumns,
modern opticalmethods, ?owchannels, andmicrogravityexperiments,
tomentiononlya few. We are still far from a detailed microscopic
picture, but analytical theories have been improved and the
availability of fast computers and e?cient al-
rithmsfornonequilibriummoleculardynamicssimulationshasprovidedvaluable
input from the theoretical side.
TheIMTconferencescoverallaspectsofthermodi?usionfromfundamentals to
new applications. Traditionally, the focus has been on the ?uid
state, ra- ing from mixtures of simple liquids to more complex
systems such as critical mixtures, electrolytes, polymers,
colloidal dispersions, or magnetic ?uids. IMT4 tried to widen the
scope by including a plenary lecture about thermodi?usion in ionic
solids. Scienti?c input comes from diverse disciplines such as
physics, chemistry, engineering, and geophysics. Sadly, Leo Kempers
passed away while this book was being prepared. Many
ofushavelostafriendandrespectedcolleague.Hismanuscripthasbeenbrought
into its ?nal state by A. Shapiro, whom we want to thank
Thermodiffusion describes the coupling between a temperature gradient and a resulting mass flux. Traditionally, the focus has been on simple fluids, and it is now extending to more complex systems such as electrolytes, polymers, colloidal dispersions and magnetic fluids. This book widens the scope even further by including applications in ionic solids. Written as a set of tutorial reviews, it will be useful to experts, nonspecialist researchers and postgraduate students alike.
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